• NOVEMBER 23, 2009
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How China Wins and Loses Xinjiang

The Chinese government can put down a riot -- but its heavy-handed tactics ensure that ethnic tensions will keep simmering.

BY CHRISTINA LARSON | JULY 9, 2009

Miscalculations about Uighurs and their religion have graver implications, too.

Beijing claims that new industry and oil exploration in Xinjiang is bringing wealth into the region, benefiting both Han and Uighurs. Yet according to the Asian Development Bank, income inequality in Xinjiang remains the highest in all of China. Hiring discrimination is a substantial barrier, often fueled by the Chinese Communist Party's perplexed attitude toward religion. "You have a party that is primarily Han and officially atheist," explains Gardner Bovingdon, professor of East Asian and Eurasian studies at Indiana University. "The party doctrine is founded on notion that religion is a mystification. It requires its members to be atheist; any party member or teacher in Xinjiang must renounce Islam."

The vast majority of the new jobs in Xinjiang are state-affiliated: Construction crews, bank clerks, police officers, nurses and school-teachers all work for the government (there isn't much private business on the frontier). Many of those positions are off-limits to publicly observant Muslims. The state-run Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, the largest development company in the province, for instance, not long ago filled, by mandate, 800 of 840 new job openings with Han Chinese.

Such policies exacerbate inequality and rile ethnic tensions. But do they also help the government squash would-be separatist movements?

Most analysts do not believe that religion itself, or radical Islam, animates pro-independence factions in Xinjiang. To target actual separatists, more precise strategies could be envisioned. "The way to respond to a small minority in a society is not to prevent the religiosity of an entire population," Bovingdon explains. "That's counterproductive, and makes plenty of people resentful."

And yet, that appears to be precisely the strategy the local government has adopted. Since 2002, when the U.S.-led "war on terror" gave China cover for greater surveillance of its own Muslim populations, the Xinjiang public security bureau has increased crackdowns on what it deems, with alarmingly broad brushstrokes, the "three evils" of "separatism, religious extremism and terrorism."

In practice, this means that loudspeakers in mosques are banned in Urumqi; families hosting dinner parties during religious festivals must register with the government; the interiors of even small rural mosques are plastered with tawdry government propaganda, and routinely visited by Han inspectors (who don't bother to doff their shoes when they enter and check log books). Although Islam is not officially outlawed, Uighurs are subject to a litany of intrusions on daily religious life, which leads them to see the government as an antagonistic force. As one man in Kashgar told me, "Because I am born a Uighur, I am a terrorist -- that is what the government thinks?"

The authorities' overreach is also clear in the way security policies target children. During certain religious holidays, anyone under 18 is barred from entering a mosque. In Kashgar, communal meals are imposed at school during the fast period of Ramadan, and attendance is required at special assemblies timed to coincide with Friday prayers. There's no reason to treat every Uighur child like an aspiring terrorist or separatist, unless the aim is truly to stamp out religion from next generation. But this tactic would seem a high-stakes gamble for the CCP.

Andrew Nathan, chair of the political science department at Columbia University, explains, "This is the Chinese style toward religion -- the government is very suspicious of religion. In Xinjiang, separatism is the thing they want to avoid. They conceive of the separatists as people who are religious fundamentalists. They're making a logical leap of faith. It produces resistance. It produces deep resentment."

And there are some indicators that China's attempts to curb Islam in the name of assimilating the Uighurs and other minorities in Xinjiang are woefully backfiring. Even as the local government has tightened its "counterterrorism" policies in recent years, the U.S. Congressional Commission on China has determined, the level of unrest in the province has actually increased. Last year saw a string of bus bombings and attacks on police in southwest Xinjiang; Sunday's bloody riots in Urumqi were the worst in many years.

"China's attempts to suppress Islam," a recent Human Rights Watch report concludes, "is a policy that is likely to alienate Uighurs, drive religious expression further underground, and encourage the development of more radicalized and oppositional forms of religious identity."

Commenting from a different angle, Richard Weitz, director of the Center for Political-Military Analysis at the Hudson Institute, finds broader regional security implications. "A lot of Chinese problems do appear to be a bit of their own making," he said. "They justify a lot of what they're doing in the name of counterterrorism, but we fear it might also exacerbate a terrorist threat. Of course, the same could be said for some U.S. policies -- look at Iraq and Afghanistan."

Misunderstanding the Uighur culture and religion, the Chinese authorities fear the worst.  And their current policies seem more likely to foster resistance and resentment than peace and passivity. Perhaps the backlash is already beginning.

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Peter Parks/AFP/Getty Images

 

Christina Larson is an editor at Foreign Policy and a fellow at the New America Foundation.

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HIDE COMMENTS LOGIN OR REGISTER REPORT ABUSE

SHANE9219

10:23 PM ET

July 9, 2009

Search for Han Chinese sister whose family were butchered by Uig

If this author is so smart, you should read this article published on Times

“Search for Han Chinese sister whose family were butchered by Uighurs”

http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6677379.ece

“We saw hundreds of Uighurs running down the street on the afternoon of July 5. About ten suddenly rushed into the store. They began to hit the people inside, even the old mother, with bricks and stones. They tried to run outside. Then they were dragged back inside.

“There were terrible screams. Just wordless screams. But then very quickly they fell silent.”

“He found no survivors, only four bodies. He has yet to discover the fate of his sister. ”

This was once a tight-netted family of 5 with a boy of age 13.

 

CALCAL

5:45 PM ET

July 13, 2009

21st century Pax Sinica

The augument that Chinese society is becoming more volatile or unstable because of the Urumqi Riot or some ethnic falt lines (between Han Chinese and Uighur muslim thugs or tibetan monks) is utterly false. Quite on the contrary, the ughiurs thugs' barbaric butchering of (even a single) Han's family will be the rally cry that binds the Han Chinese society together -- just as the single barbaric tibetan attack on the handicapped Chinese athlete in Paris last year. An unjust, barbaric attack on a single Chinese will be taken as an attack on the entire Chinese Nation - it is the equivalent of the NATO Arcticle 5, multiplying by a billion times.

Yes, China is more diverse than many westerner think -- China is a continent that contains great diversity -- even among the 92% Han Chinese. For example, as a Chinese American fluent in Mandarin I could barely understand the dialects of southern Chinese. However, on the other hand, most westerners fail to understand that China is not a "nation state" in the traditional european sense, but a "civilization state". What has always bound the Chinese Nation together for the past 5000 years is the deep-rooted and irradicable sense of belonging to a "superior" civilization -- the Chinese Civilization.

Chinese society has its historically, highly distinctive position on race, where about 92 per cent of the population believe that they are of one race, and therefore, from which is the lack of a conception of, or respect for, difference that flows from other minorities. The deep sense of China as a unitary civilisation, together with a pervasive belief in Han superiority, leaves little room for the claims of other cultural groups. That is where most westerners fail to understand that Chinese draw our deep-rooted sense of belonging and identification not from some religions, nation states, dialects, founding father principles or universal human rights, but from our ancient history, culture and civilization. For the majority of Chinese, no matter where he is and what citizenship he has -- mainland, taiwan, hongkong, or european or American -- he is, first, last and always, a Chinese. Ask a New York Chinese restaurant dish washer who he thinks he is, he will probably tell you, proudly, Chinese.

Han Chinese Dynasty comes and goes every several hundred years or so for the past 5000 years. Chinese probably have endured more civil wars and internal turmoils than any other civilization. However, whenever faced with an existential threat, attack or challenge to the "superior" Chinese way of life, the entire Chinese Nation has always rallied around the flag of Chinese Nationalism. That is why no other unitary civilization state, except China, has survived the entire 5000 years' human history.

The witless, end-of-history triumphalism that shaped western attitudes in the post-Cold War era is always good for a belly laugh and is nowhere more misplaced than in regard to China. History is on the move again – and it is not the delusional, teleological, self-congratulating history dreamt up by either the dimwitted, self-righteous neocons on the right or the naive,self-glorifying liberal rationalists on the left, which somehow always meets with themselves as the winners in the middle. The 21st century Pax Sinica is the real thing, a world-changing event that marks the end of dominance of western civilizaton.

 

BING SHALIMAR

8:22 PM ET

July 13, 2009

Who's Triumphalist?

Thank you for your post. Your check from the Central Committee should arrive in four to six weeks.

 

AMITA

1:52 AM ET

July 14, 2009

This is the clash of the wild dogs.

This is the ultimate. This is the clash of the wild dogs. Chinese versus Muslims.

It is so typical of China that they want to grab every bodies rights every time, and they could not care a penny in slaughtering thousands of innocent people, as long as it concerns the interests of a greater China.

It is so typical of Islam that all most everywhere that Muslims are a majority they behave like criminals, and all most everywhere that Muslims are a minority, they behave like irritants

The extremely important point is, the West should analyze this extremely valuable laboratory study of Chinese versus Muslims. Don’t you think we can then formulate a policy in dealing with Islam at least ( as China is not a threat to the entire civilized world, only a threat to its indigenous population )

 

RCHIAN

2:46 PM ET

July 14, 2009

Urumqi riots

I am an ethic Han born in China. The author is objective and his comments are mostly on target. As the author mentioned that CCP/the government is suspicious of all religions and will try everything to minimize the religious influence. However, I don't believe it singles out Islam for suppression. After 9-11, the government may have over-reacted to the terrorist/separatist threats. While I think that action to put a big TV screen opposite the Mosque is 50% intentional and 50% insensitive I don't believe to serve meal in school during the Ramadan purposed offense.

Like last year’s Lhasa riots, the root of racial tension that exploded in July 5 in Urumqi is mainly a consequence of economic inequality between immigrants (Hans and Huis) and locals (Tibetans and Uighurs). The Chinese government has tried to promote development in minority areas, but it failed critically in 2 issues, IMO: rigid power control and failed mandarin education. Minorities should have more presentations in the regional autonomous governments, and the managements on minority affairs should mostly handled by minority officials. I don’t see the central government’s minority policies are aimed to assimilate minorities. In contrary, it has invested heavily not only in economic development, but also in cultural reservations in minority regions, particularly Tibet and Xinjiang (compared with it did in Han dominated areas). However, the insensitivity and ignorance of local officials executing minority policies erase all such efforts and perceived by minorities as insulting and disrespectful. Failure in mandarin education results in minorities having less chance to get government and corporate jobs and difficulties in doing business with government and corporate due to lack of necessary language skills. When the minorities are suspicious about government's intention, pushing for mandarin education is viewed as evidence that the government tries to wipeout minority cultures, and is met great resistance (the government mandate schools in minority regions INCLUDE mandarin teaching, not replace minority languages with mandarin as many Western media claimed).

 
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