
On his recent visit to Ghana, U.S. President Barack Obama condemned war, corruption, tribalism, and all the other ills that have bedeviled our continent. Many Africans in Africa and the diaspora were moved by the speech, as were many Africa observers in the West. The speech captivated imaginations because it appealed to people's basic common sense.
That is where its positive contribution ends.
Rather inconveniently, all the attention Obama's speech has gotten disproves his opening remark: "We must start from the simple premise that Africa's future is up to Africans." It is not the speech of an African leader on the future of the continent that is exciting debate in the media and finding space on the blogs; it is a speech by the U.S. president. This very simple contradiction reveals the world's collective tendency to seek Africa's solutions from the West.
Beyond its many good phrases and populist appeals, Obama's speech did not deviate fundamentally from the views of other Western leaders I have read throughout my lifetime -- on aid, on civil wars, on corruption, or on democracy. Obama repackaged the same old views in less diplomatic language. He had the courage to be more explicit on Africa's ills because, due to his African heritage, Obama can say as he wishes without sounding racist -- a fear that constrains other Western leaders when talking about Africa.
Even so, Obama said nothing new. He assumes that African countries have been mismanaged because leaders on the continent are bad men who make cold hearted choices. His solution is thus to extend moral pleas for them to rule better. Yet it is not the individual behavior of Africa's rulers that demands our closest attention, destructive as that behavior may be. It is the structure of incentives those leaders confront -- incentives that help determine the choices they make.
The Best Worst Country in Africa
Take note, Obama: Ghana's gains are great -- but by no means irreversable.
By E. Gyimah-Boadi
Using this logic, we can start to ask more-useful questions. If the choices made by Africa's rulers have destroyed their economies, under what conditions can they develop a vested interest in growth-promoting policies? If Africans are going to war much more often than other human beings on the planet, what causes them to do so? When is peace more attractive than military combat?
Governing is not about making simplistic choices on who is right and who is wrong. It requires making complicated trade-offs, some of which might be costly in the short term. Take negotiated conflict settlements, for example, a policy that has stabilized Liberia and Sierra Leone after the two countries' brutal civil wars. That same policy wouldn't have worked in 1994 in Rwanda, where it would have produced an unstable power-sharing arrangement between victims of genocide and their executioners. The lesson: We cannot have one blueprint for all of Africa's problems. Even "good" moral decisions, such as those so often urged upon us by the West, can be bad sometimes.
Obama assumes that the fundamental challenge facing Africa is the lack of democracy and the checks and balances that come with it. But how does he explain why authoritarian Rwanda fights corruption and delivers public services to its citizens much better than its democratic neighbor, Uganda? In fact, the Ugandan brand of democracy has spawned corruption and incompetence more than it has helped combat them. The country's ethnic politics makes patronage and corruption more electorally profitable than delivering services.
Obama's preferred models of successful development, Singapore and South Korea, were not democratic when they rose to prominence. His proposals on ending corruption -- "forensic accounting, automating services strengthening hot lines and protecting whistle-blowers" -- are technocratic in nature. But the real challenge is how to give Africa's rulers a vested interest in fighting corruption. In most of Africa today, corruption is the way the system works -- not the way it fails.
The lesson for Obama is that Africa is likely to get better with less meddling in its affairs by the West, not more -- whether that meddling is through aid, peacekeeping, or well-written speeches. Africa needs space to make mistakes and learn from them. The solutions for Africa have to be shaped and articulated by Africans, not outsiders. Obama needs to listen to Africans much more, not lecture them using the same old teleprompter.
JIM WATSON/AFP/Getty Images
Andrew M. Mwenda is managing editor of The Independent, a newsmagazine based in Kampala, Uganda.
You can't be serious. Your land is a cesspool. Your leaders are Satan. And your people are sheep. Yet, you still blame the West. Re-donk-cu-lous! It kills me when people say, "It takes a village." They go on to explain that it's an African proverb. Yeah, you Africans know how to raise children--you make them soldiers. Most pathetic continent on earth.
I see why Africa continues to fail
Mwenda,
I totally disagree with your argument that "Africa needs space to make mistakes and learn from them" We the African people, especially people like you Mwanda who have the opportunity to write articles for a very well reputable online tool like ForeignPolicy.com should be instrumental educating people about the challenges and failures of leadership we are witnessing in post-colonial Sub-Saharan Africa. As an African, it bothers me to hear you saying that Africa needs space to make mistakes. I am very certain you are aware that African leaders have been making mistakes for almost 4 decades now. How much space do you want to give them? When do you think they will be able to learn from these mistakes at a time they are far away from recognizing that they make mistakes in every piece of policy they make? , we need to start looking at what is going wrong with Africans? I am disappointed with your posting. This is not the way we will lift up the burdens that our people have been carrying for years.
"The solutions for Africa have to be shaped and articulated by Africans, not outsiders." I think here you agree with Obama and this contradicts everything you said about him in your article. However, my concern with what you see as African solution to African problems is real. I don't see any initiative in Africa to shape or articulate good policy for Africa by African leaders. All I see is the chorus that colonialism has been the problem for Africa development. The African leaders continue to manipulate the minds of their people in the name of the impact that colonization had in Africa. However, they fail to fix the problems because they are the ones in control now and everything which is happening in Africa now is under their watch. So stop blaming colonization and the West for our own failure. I am not denying that colonization did not affect Africa future, but I refuse to demonize it as the only problem.
I have no doubt that failed leadership in Sub-Saharan Africa has been the primary cause of political. economic and social instability in Africa. But what we see today is that African leaders play a game of accusing others and excuse themselves for mistakes they have committed.
It is still sad, that Africa, continues to wallow in despair, it is even unfortunate when we thump our chest and point fingers at the so called African leaders not only accusing them of their ills but also seeking their blood. Beware who is without hair on his body cast the first stone. African leaders are conscious, knowledgeable, educated, skilled in all manners of life, ambitious and human.
History in America, Russia, France,Germany at at every once great civilization shares similar challenges now experienced by Africa. This Nation used the democratic space and adhered to the core principles of democracy to tailor specific solution to this problem; poverty, diseases, corruption, society decay etc. I would therefore categorically state that it is ill advised to suggest that Mr Mwenda articles is non consequential, as he has exercised what a "civilized" society would advocate for - freedom of expression. Mr mwenda comment on His Excellency President of The USA , Mr Obama is an objective view open to objective criticism as well.
As to whether African leaders are making or continuing to make mistake, is an issue that need to be addressed by all stake holder in Africa policy making, policy implementation and according to public demand. I believe the worst mistake is not about being an African leader but being an accomplice of an African looter and providing safe custody of proceed of such crime and many more. If African roads would be paved with gold stolen from hell, then it is still injustice irrespective of the source being from hell.
I am proud of Mr Obama and so is the whole world, however i find it to be too soon for obama to talk about African issues blatantly. My point is that everyone is busy helping Mr Obama to extinguish his house that is on fire, so we would expect him to treat his equal partner with decorum. This would mean improving the American Image overseas, Africa included. European and event American people have united as individual and promoted economic growth in this region and this is quite commendable. However I point out that policy makers are the dividing line, because of their thirst for rumor and talking past each other. The end result is public stereotype, ideological realignment and implementation of draconian policies that divides the one nation world.
Sub-Sahara Africa weeps indeed, yes. It is the center of all adventure by all dissenting forces seeking to protect the untaxed commercial prospect that it present especially, the Somali coastlines. However I totally disagree with sentiment regarding sub-sahara Africa being a liability to Africa, yet it is a Eden of tourism, resources, rich ecosystem, and other natural and human resources.
My view is that Mr Obama should be the gentleman he has been, my worry is when he joins the gentlemen club when the world is looking for people ready to roll up their sleeves to forge, peace, unity, growth and a happy world
you should evaluate what you say
It's funny the way you refer to Africa because it shows you know nothing about Africa and maybe the world. You talk about African children being soldiers and leaders being Satan, but in America there are leaders taking blow jobs from their secretaries. Africa is not a pathetic continent, it's just a continent that has experienced difficulties and has not been able to use their natural resources to control the Western world. I don't think that makes Africa pathetic. It's a shame the leaders are corrupt but the fact is that every government is corrupt, I have to be optimistic and say that the wounds of corruption will heal with time. I also hope the children in your country have better morals because I believe soldiers are trained to have good morals.
Space to Commit Mistakes already Committed by others!
This is a bizarre argument.
The very fact that the Africans wish to continue to experiment with re-inventing the wheel, speaks volume about their skills and abilities and understanding.
They do need lectures, they need training, they need working systems, and they need to change the culture of permissiveness, which permeates the whole of Africa. Like other poor parts of the third world.
It's not fair to call Africa a failed continent
I agree with the author that Africans need to ask serious questions as to why they are failing, and what they are doing wrong.
I don't at all agree that the rest of the world should butt out. The rest of the world needs to find a less condescending and more constructive way to engage with Africa, this much is true, but in order to be constructive, we actually need a massive intensification of international involvement. The reconstruction of Japan and Europe succeeded so spectacularly not only because of the political cultures of those societies, but because of the truly massive, committed, and holistic effort by the USA and WWII victors to ensure that these countries recovered and became prosperous. The problem with Western involvement in Africa is that it has been too piecemeal and intermittent. We need a strong, dedicated effort.
The idea that Africa would do much better if left alone is the calling card of dictators, all-to-easily using the trump card of racism and neo-colonialism to scare people away from excessive interest in their brutal regimes. Africans need the pride and wherewithal to believe they can better their societies and make them something more than the screaming hellholes of poverty, disease, and brutal violence that they are now.
But they also need the humility to accept that although the international community has something to contribute to their development. Singapore, South Korea and Japan didn't develop "on their own", and they didn't re-invent the wheel or pursue "Asian development". It's bad history and bad social science to think so. They developed liberal capitalist societies (albeit authoritarian in the case of Singapore), along Western lines and with an enormous amount of Western help.
In another world, Tanzania's Ujamaa might have worked, but in the near future, the prospects of Africa's beleaguered poor, mutilated, raped and diseased lies with a realistic commitment to social transformation in partnership and under the tutelage of the international community, not with a starry-eyed desire to prove oneself by "doing it on our own".
he's not Africa's Saviour nor is he our President
A major Ghanaian news outlet has been caught in a revealing slip-up after it reported that President Barack Obama’s recent visit to the African country was a return to his birthplace.
Article 2, Section 1 of the Constitution states, “No person except a natural born citizen… shall be eligible to the office of president.”
This invalidates the legitimacy of Barack Obama’s presidency if, as a growing number of people believe, he was in fact born in Kenya and not Hawaii as he claims. After mounting pressure, the Obama campaign released a Hawaiian birth certificate on June 13 2008, but skeptics claimed that it showed signs of being forged.
Contained in an otherwise relatively mundane account of Obama’s recent visit to Ghana in the Daily Graphic news outlet is a sentence sure to raise eyebrows amongst people like journalist Jerome Corsi, who has been at the forefront of the Obama birth certificate scandal since well before the election.
The full paragraph reads, “For Ghana, Obama’s visit will be a celebration of another milestone in African history as it hosts the first-ever African-American President on this presidential visit to the continent of his birth.”
Why the Ghanaian news outlet would report that Obama was born on the continent of Africa, when this would instantly invalidate his entire presidency, is unclear.
In April a transcript from an interview with Obama’s step-grandmother was released in which she discussed being present at Obama’s birth in Mombasa, Kenya.
“WND is in possession of an affidavit submitted by Rev. Kweli Shuhubia, an Anabaptist minister in Kenya, who is the official Swahili translator for the annual Anabaptist Conference in Kenya, and a second affidavit signed by Bishop Ron McRae, the presiding elder of the Anabaptists’ Continental Presbytery of Africa,” reported Corsi.
In his affidavit, Shuhubia asserts “it is common knowledge throughout the Christian and Muslim communities in Kenya that Barack Hussein Obama, Jr., was born in Mombasa, Kenya.”
As Corsi reported recently, the hospital in Hawaii where Obama claims he was born has refused to produce documentation or even acknowledge the fact. Attempts to obtain Obama’s hospital-generated long-form original birth certificate have been rebuffed.
Doubts about Obama’s birth certificate are now spreading in military circles. U.S. Army Maj. Stefan Frederick Cook has refused to deploy to Afghanistan on the grounds that Obama is not a natural-born citizen of the United States and is therefore ineligible to serve as commander-in-chief. Cook’s lawyer, Orly Taitz, has filed separate lawsuits challenging the legitimacy of Obama’s presidency.
"Birthers" and their "Obama was born in Africa" conspiracy
In reply to TJ0169GA
The article and discussion is about The West lecturing Africa. It's not an excuse to peddle discredited "birther" conspiracy theories.
I'm not going to waste time writing 10 paragraphs to point out that Obama was born in Hawaii. There'd be no convincing you. Disgruntled conspiracy theorists believe what they want to believe regardless of the contrary evidence staring in their face.
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Why the stories about Obama's birth certificate will never die
salon.com/news/feature/2008/12/05/birth_certificate
All he has to do is produce it just like Billabong Clinton could have produced his medical records but never did like Bush did. Strange isn't it that the military has not challenged that soldiers contention and now he does not have to serve under a false leader.
Personally I want more HopenChange to be inflicted upon the world, the bovine are slow learners and they must feel the pneumatic pin against the skull before they realize just which line they are standing in. It ain't the free health care clinic sparky. I look foward to every invasion into private life until every last nitwit that voted for him understands what a true socialist does. Clinton was all about Clinton thus the triangulation and moves to the right. The Dali Bama will never move from his socialist roots thus the lesson is assured to come full strength.
Why not go to Mombasa, then to that hospital in Hawaii, and check?
After you EXOTTOYUHR. I, like many non-Birthers of all political persuasions, have no need to go and check in Mombasa or Hawaii. I'm satisfied that thorough checks and vetting have already been done by far more resourced authorities and agencies than you or I, as would be expected for any Presidential nominee or candidate.
Would going to and seeing evidence in Hawaii really satisfy Birthers? Don't Birthers believe that Obama went to Hawaii to change the record? Would ANY evidence, short of inventing a time machine and watching Obama being born in Hawaii, ever convince a Birther?
You buy the plane tickets if you're that obsessed, and, if in true X-Files and Fox Mulder fashion you believe that there's a government conspiracy and the "truth is out there". Good luck with that.
Africa does need "working systems, and they need to change the culture of permissiveness". I hope by permissiveness, you meant corruption. I'm sure if and when Africa is governed by leaders who want to improve their democratic systems and create a system of transparency, such will be achievable. Ghana does not seem to be doing so badly, it is an example that surrounding countries can use to model themselves after.
Africa does need "working systems, and they need to change the culture of permissiveness". I hope by permissiveness, you meant corruption. I'm sure if and when Africa is governed by leaders who want to improve their democratic systems and create a system of transparency, such will be achievable. Ghana does not seem to be doing so badly, it is an example that surrounding countries can use to model themselves after.
Please learn US Law on Citizenship
In response to the previous comment made on Obama's legitimacy as president based on his place of birth, please learn United States law on citizenship before you try to spread damaging rumors. His place of birth has no bearing on whether or not he is a United States citizen. Because he was born to a mother who is a United States citizen, that automatically makes him a citizen of the US. I too was born overseas because my parents served in the US Air Force, however I am a US citizen because they were also. Don't profess to know something that has no bearing on trying to fix the legitimate problems plaguing all countries today.
Africans create their own societies
While it’s easy to place the entire blame on Africa’s governments, it absolves the average citizen of his/her contribution to the problems. Ethnic and tribal conflicts arise in societies where the average person holds deep prejudices. While most people aren’t violent, their bigotries create the environment for the weak minded to act out what they’ve heard all their lives.
Societies are what they are because of the collective attitudes and habits of their citizens. Retrograde cultural attitudes, permissive sexual practices, and the acceptance of corruption at all levels collectively contribute to Africa’s problems of poverty, conflict, backwardness, and disease.
Giorgio;
It is specious to claim that prosperity is impossible without outside funds. Many countries became wealthy and prosperous on their own without foreign help. Europe and Japan were wealthy (relative to the rest of the world) prior to the Marshall plan.
I never said that it is impossible to develop without outside funds. It is, though, much, much easier and more realistic to expect development when you're receiving outside assistance.
It is true that Japan and Europe were wealthy, relative to the rest of the world, prior to the Marshall Plan (and McArthur's SCAP, in Japan). But the speed and effectiveness of their postwar reconstruction, and Japan's meteoric rise to economic prominence would have been impossible without enormous amounts of foreign assistance and excellent international conditions.
Africa can, possibly, maybe develop without significant outside help, but it cannot develop outside the international context, and by far its best chances at achieving any lasting development lie with the rest of the world, if it decides to start being serious about dragging Africa out of the muck, as well as depending on the determination of Africans themselves to better their condition.
Mwenda,
You seem to seek the 'different shades of gray' with your write up. Regardless, what is bad is bad, and what is good is good. What is the truth is also the truth..
Corruption, regardless of what you say, is how the system FAILS...when taking a more long term view, than the short term view you seem to be taking.
The sense from you, that Africa needs to make mistakes and learn from them (and no other way) suggests that Africa has nothing to learn from parts of the world where States actually function, and rule of law is upheld. That premise is wrong.
I completely agreed with this article until its conclusion. The idea that the rest of the world could or would "butt out" is ludicrous. Certainly "the West" could do less "meddling" in the form of speeches, but that is not the real issue. Sure, the efficacy of past modes of peace-keeping and foreign aid are very much in question, but most of the African continent is not going to stop asking for these forms of assistance and the UN and the US are not going to stop providing them. So we have to figure out how to do these things less often and more effectively. This is a question not just of African leadership, but of economic structures that support good leadership and strong economies.
The crux of the issue is not necessarily what colonialism did to ravage the African continent in the past, but rather what neo-colonialism is doing to it now. For better, or usually worse, Africa is extremely rich in natural resources and rather poor in human capital (by which I mean educated individuals and the social structures capable of seeking their input). This makes it the world's most attractive target for natural resource, and human, exploitation.
I think the author nailed it when he recommended changing the incentives. The problem, really, is that the world benefits from Africa's exploitative economic structures. The biggest incentives we need to change are those of foreign "investors." This would require a dramatic restructuring of African economies, which were established by departing colonizers in their own interests (continued resource extraction). This is doubtless a monumental task, but if we wish to live up to the rhetoric that the world is a better place when all of its humans can prosper, then we need to break the cycle of ravaging the African continent with one hand and then haphazardly propping it back up with the other.
Stop telling Africa what to do. Lectures are part of the problem
You wrote,
"the real challenge is how to give Africa's rulers a vested interest in fighting corruption. In most of Africa today, corruption is the way the system works -- not the way it fails."
"Africa needs space to make mistakes and learn from them. The solutions for Africa have to be shaped and articulated by Africans, not outsiders."
Who is to give Africa that "vested interest in fighting corruption"?
If "corruption is the way the system works", why isn't anything working?
"Africa needs space to make mistakes and learn from them" Do you think that Africa has made adequate mistakes from which it can learn?
Exactly who do you blame for "meddling"?
"If Africans are going to war much more often than other human beings on the planet, what causes them to do so?" I can't wait to hear how you can explain this and to whom and what you'd assign the blame?
I hope your article is not a proposed "solutions" articulated by an African in seeking to solve Africa's problems. At times, self assessment is the best way to solve existing problems without blaming others who try to help by pointing out what the problems are.
After reading your article, I just hope that people who think as you do, have nothing to do with identifying, analyzing and solving problems that many countries throughout Africa face.
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