• NOVEMBER 21, 2009
THINK AGAIN PRINT  |   TEXT SIZE        |  EMAIL  |  SINGLE PAGE

Think Again: America's Image

U.S. standing in the world matters, Americans care about it, and a weakened stature continues to hamper U.S. policy. Twenty prominent political scientists have recently completed a year-long study of the issue and clear away the underbrush of misunderstanding.

BY PETER KATZENSTEIN, JEFFREY LEGRO, THE APSA TASK FORCE ON U.S. STANDING IN WORLD AFFAIRS | OCTOBER 5, 2009

"Standing does not matter."

Dead wrong. During the Cold War, the United States was anxious that its reputation for protecting its allies, especially those in Europe, be seen as credible by both Soviet leaders and Europeans. As Lyndon Johnson explained to Martin Luther King, Jr. in early 1965, "If I pulled out [of Vietnam] ... I think the Germans would be scared to death that our commitment to them was no good, and God knows what we'd have in other places in the world."

More recently, the Bush Doctrine was reversed in Bush's second term in part due to falling support abroad -- involving both credibility and esteem -- that made it harder for the United States to get what it wanted.

Of course, many other factors affect foreign-policy success and we should not delude ourselves that standing is the critical factor. Moreover, standing should never be the sole consideration behind U.S. foreign policy. There will inevitably be trade-offs between other pressing interests in particular situations; for example, the United States may need to act to protect itself from an imminent threat, and this action may diminish its standing among some audiences.

It is important, however, to acknowledge more explicitly the costs and benefits of maintaining standing in policymaking. For decision makers under pressure, it is tempting to focus only on what is concrete and immediate and has short-term impact. But just as it is dangerous for business leaders to focus only on quarterly profits and ignore their firm's long-term health, so too must U.S. leaders consider the nation's stock of credibility and esteem.

U.S. standing affects other nations' willingness to offer it the benefit of the doubt. Moreover, U.S. credibility and esteem help to mold Americans' sense of unity and collective purpose. Standing is easy to neglect, but wise policymakers should consider its impact and sometimes protect it even when there are short-term costs.

Managing standing requires using different tools for different jobs. Standing is a nuanced phenomenon that varies across regions, between foreign elites and the publics, and between partisans in the United States. Policymakers must attend to those distinctions in specific ways. And the United States must heed the bond between power and standing by providing public goods through effective leadership that coordinates other states and shares costs.

Improving standing requires moving beyond public diplomacy. The problem is not just communication, but policy execution. As Admiral Mike Mullen, chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, recently put it, "Each time we fail to live up to our values or don't follow up on a promise, we look more and more like the arrogant Americans the enemy claims we are."

Finally we need better data and analysis on U.S. standing. The United States supports periodic National Election Surveys at home; questions about standing should be added to the survey and public funds for other indicators -- such as foreign media analysis -- are needed.

The dynamics of U.S. standing are complex, and we grasp only imperfectly the sources and impact of U.S. credibility and esteem in the world. Yet standing matters for U.S. foreign policy, and American leaders must pay attention to it or face real-world consequences.

PREVIOUS 123456
Save over 50% when you subscribe to FP.

BRENNAN LINSLEY/AFP/Getty Images

 

Peter Katzenstein is Walter Carpenter Jr. Professor of International Studies at Cornell University and was president of the American Political Science Association (APSA) in 2008-2009.

Jeffrey W. Legro is Compton Professor of World Politics, chair of the Department of Politics, and a faculty associate of the Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. They headed an APSA task force that produced a recent report "U.S. Standing in the World: Causes, Consequences, and the Future."

SHARE THIS ARTICLE: Facebook|Twitter|Digg
  • The Al Qaeda Diaries

  • Boring Summits Are Better for Everyone

  • D.C.'s New Game: Who's Paying Your Pundit?

  • Lowering the Bar: The ABA's Ties to Despots

 (8)

HIDE COMMENTS LOGIN OR REGISTER REPORT ABUSE

FEARINPUBLIC

2:25 AM ET

October 6, 2009

I kinda like Obama

For me, I think Obama is still doing a pretty good job in the office..lets see if he still can improve a lot..

besides.. he doesnt even have fear in public speaking

 

SAILOR BILL

11:33 AM ET

October 6, 2009

The Obama Dilemna

American standing improved in 2007-8 because the impending jettison of Bush was clear and unmistakable. We all looked forward to the incoming improvement, no matter who won. Considering the devastation of the Bush Regime, anyone would have been some improvement (did I say that?) While it was clear that more of the same with McCain was obvious, the specter of his demise in office was gloomily overshadowed by the bizarre notion the Palin could actually see Russia from The White House. these jokesters are gone now for the most part, save for the media's fascination with thier afterlives. Thankfully, the rest of us are well past that nightmare.While many republicants and thier blind followers still regale the ressurection of the now deceased notion of right wing leadership, the rest of go about the work of rebuilding America in the wake of thier outrageous bumbling in world politics. Obama has shown himself to be the only viable person in America with the intestinal fortitude to take on the ravages of republicantism, and they can't handle the truth. His pragmatism will prevail as it is steadily remaking the face of this shamed nation.

 

EXOTTOYUHR

5:10 PM ET

October 6, 2009

The evolution of Saturday Night Live...

"While it was clear that more of the same with McCain was obvious, the specter of his demise in office was gloomily overshadowed by the bizarre notion the Palin could actually see Russia from The White House."

Have you heard the news yet that "I can see Russia from my window" was a statement by Tina Fey, not Sarah Palin? And as to "more of the same," do you really think that a survivor of torture would have continued the policies of the Bush administration?

 

COMPASSIONFORBOTHSIDES

5:39 AM ET

October 7, 2009

SNL

The fact is Palin did make a statement about how close Alaska was to Russia when qualifying her foreign policy expertise. Tina Fey simply exaggerated it, much the same way GOP politicians exaggerated "increased opportunity for all Americans" into "I love Karl Marx" with respect to Obama. The difference is Fey is a comedian, while the GOP is a political party.

And torture is only ONE of the policies of the Bush administration. To say McCain was nothing like Bush because he would have been a departure in this one particular area is to ignore the myriad of policy issues that characterized the Bush administration and its contribution to our decreased world standing. He never distinguished himself effectively from the policies of our unpopular incumbent. If anything, he offered to continue them, from the occupation in Iraq to the Bush tax cuts for the upper brackets.

However, McCain is not nearly as similar to Bush in his views as his campaign made him out to be, but that is their fault, not the fault of SNL.

 

JERKPATROL

3:10 PM ET

October 12, 2009

zzzzzz

Hey Sailor! Congrats! Your efforts are the most boring, arrogant and insulting blogs on this site. I have an alternate activity for you besides thesaurus and spellcheck. You know what I am talking about. I assume with your handle, you enjoy water. Have you ever tried holding your breath underwater for 45 minutes? Give it a shot.

 

GERONIMO

5:04 PM ET

October 6, 2009

America's image

The excellent APSA report on this topic willynilly demonstrates a reason, which the report neglects to treat, why it is hard to repair our image. The passage in question runs like this.

>...The legacy of Iranian hostility towards the United States has roots in >America's 1953 overthrow of populist leader Mohammed Mosaddeq and >support for the shah despite the U.S.'s professed adherence to the >principles of self-determination and liberal democracy.....

It takes for granted a version of Mossadeq's removal that makes of the shah an anti-democratic villain and Mossadeq a liberal hero. Such was not the case.

The Pahlevi dynasty in 1923 installed itself by para-military means as a progressive nationalist force. At the time its nationalist fervor was directed against the Soviets . Shah Reza's young regime was quetly supported by the British and later financially tutored and aided by the United States. But both the British and the Americans then ran into trouble with the Iranians. As a consequence, by the time of the outbreak of WWII , theyhad come to favor a close relationship with the Germans. That caused the Soviets and the British. to jointly oust the shah., as wartime supply lines to the Soviet Union ran through Iran.

Reza Khan's son, Mohammed Reza, was permitted by the powers to follow his father on the throne--and into turbulent times. In these
a Shiite firebrand, Mullah Kashani, and an extreme nationalist, Mohammed Mossadeq, rose to prominence. Their rise was propelled by the Iranians' quarrle with the Britih over possision of their oil and disappointment at what they held to be too little American economic aid. That sent Mossadeq clamoring for an alternate source of money, namely the nationalization of the oil industry. This ploy eventually gained him ipower suffiicient to oust the shah who then went into exile. He was returned from it when British and American intelligence managed to inspirit and guide the Iranian armed froces to topple Mossadeq. Involved in all this was the Iranian parlianment which consisted of parties representing grandee Iranian landowners and the wealthy middle class. This set-up was in turn toppled by Mulla Kashani's ideological successor, Khomenei.

The AOSA report offers guidance on what may need to be done to keep America both at the top as well as popular. It might have recommended
a better job at explaining persuasivekly our policies.

 

DANA

8:52 PM ET

October 6, 2009

Only one kind of standing matters

You stand with your allies; you don't stand with your enemies. You let people know where you stand. You will be respected. But you must never expect love. The powerful are rarely loved. The powerless are never loved. The former can protect themselves.

when the US was firmly anti communist, it was respected, although during much of that time, the US was not living up to its values, in terms of civil rights in the US. But that did not stop people from being US allies. It was in their interest to stop communists and they understood that the US was on their side and would not abandon them.

Even as western europeans derided the US they relied on it. The US took on the responsibility of arming itself, thus freeing europeans to be lax with their own defense.

This article assumes that it is normal for nations to like each other and that the desire for power is unusual and that it is somehow the fault of the US that nations want power. What is normal is that nations follow their interest. They are not interested in human rights or torture or hypocrisy or values. These things become weapons when a nation dislikes the US for other reasons. China wants to expand its power. So does Russia. For this to happen the US must have less power. These nations do not care if the US is nice to the prisoners at guantanamo bay. It has always been like this between nations. The notion that the US must be loved and if it is not loved, it is because it is bad and deserves opprobrium is nonsense.

The US has a certain system. Many don't like it. It does not follow that they are superior to the US or that the US is bad.

If one's enemy gets a leader that appears to be weak and not have its national interest at heart, that naturally delights the enemy. The enemy then may have a feeling of warmth towards one.

The more people appear worried about US power and hypocrisy and values, the less they worry about what goes on in other nations. People are very worried about three people who were waterboarded. However, no one worries about China, Russia, North Korea, or Venezuela, Cuba, Ethiopia, Iran, Sudan and just about every non western nation. Some will insist that the US is worse than all these places. Others will say, in effect, since they don't have the same values, these other nations have no obligation re human rights. That is an argument for giving up the values that the US has, assuming that one admits the US has them to begin with. This article makes it seem as if the problem is the possession of values. Give up the values and then the world will expect nothing of you and like you, the authors are saying.

When has China shown the least desire for morality in its conduct or playing by rules? Yet we do not see people marching in the streets to show support for Tibet. What promises have the Russians lived up to? As we see plainly, their former satellites are terrified of Russia, with good reason. Russia has made it plain it would like nothing better than to recapture these nations. Yet, no one accuses Russia of arrogrance.

I could go on. The fact is this article is not realistic. No nation can have values that so pure than it cannot defend itself. One does not increase in other nation's estimation by abandoning allies, like the eastern europeans. That is the sort of thing that makes people feel the US can't be trusted.

 

UZBEKPOLICY

4:57 PM ET

October 7, 2009

Our values define who we are

Excellent article. Did anyone fax it to Obama? What makes me upset with U.S.' current standing is that human rights and democracy -- our fundamental values -- seem to be widely ignored and mild tone adopted on abuses by the Obama administration. And that's much worse than Iran hating us for double standards, it's the whole world (or particularly freedom-loving part of it) who will be deeply disappointed.

 
TODAY | PAST WEEK

MOST
READ

MOST
COMMENTED

  1. The Terrorists Among Us
  2. Karzai's Cronies
  3. Planet Slum
  4. The Real Shock of Fort Hood
  5. The Al Qaeda Diaries
TODAY | PAST WEEK

MOST
READ

MOST
COMMENTED

  1. Nobel Peace Prize Also-Rans
  2. Edward Burtynsky's Oil
  3. Think Again: God
  4. Bolivia's Lithium-Powered Future
  5. Planet Slum
TODAY | PAST WEEK

MOST
READ

MOST
COMMENTED

  1. Afghanistan Is Not Making Americans Safer
  2. Zardari in the Crosshairs
  3. The Real Shock of Fort Hood
  4. Is There a Palin Doctrine?
  5. This Week at War: Heading for a Bad Breakup
TODAY | PAST WEEK

MOST
READ

MOST
COMMENTED

  1. The President, the Professor, and the Wide Receiver
  2. The Real Shock of Fort Hood
  3. Is There a Palin Doctrine?
  4. The Only Hope Left?
  5. The Terrorists Among Us
  • NET EFFECT

    Why are people creating Facebook profiles for Holocaust victims?

    BY EVGENY MOROZOV

  • PASSPORT

    North Africa's escalating soccer war

    BY JOSHUA KEATING

  • ARGUMENT

    How the Chinese media covered Obama's visit

    BY WILLIAM MOSS

  • SMALL WARS

    The U.S. and Pakistan are heading for a bad breakup

    BY ROBERT HADDICK

  • DANIEL DREZNER

    Time's not-so-shocking Obamaland expose

  • BEST DEFENSE

    What would George Marshall think of today's generals?

    BY THOMAS E. RICKS

  • SHADOW GOVT.

    What does containing North Korea actually mean?

    BY JAMIE FLY

  • THE CABLE

    How the Chinese government censored Obama's visit

    BY JOSH ROGIN



  • 1. Aligning on Afghanistan? President Obama and PM Brown Turn Focus on Exit Strategy
  • 2. R.I.P.: Russia to Continue Ban on the Death Penalty
  • 3. All for One: Jailed Fatah Leader Implores Palestinian Unity
  • 4. Global Warming Time Out: Stagnating Temperatures Baffle Climate Experts
 See All Photo Essays
  • Planet slum: From Nairobi to Caracas, Mumbai, and Jakarta

  • Falling Like It's 1989

November/December 2009
  • Feature

    Revolution in a Box

  • Feature

    Plague, by Robin Cook

  • Opening Gambit

    My Plan to Overthrow the Mullahs

  •  See Entire Issue

     Preview Digital Edition

  • Why Sarah Palin is unlikely to be the future of the Republican Party.
  • What to drink on Thanksgiving: Napa cabernet.
  • How to score chicks on the Disney Channel.
  • Geithner Is Not Going Anywhere
  • GM Customers Give Back
  • Ron Paul Wins Lifelong Fight, Now May Be Forced To Vote Against Everything He Believes
  • What Would the Pilgrims Say About Tofu?
  • What Would the Pilgrims Say About Tofu?
  • What Kobe, LeBron and Dwyane Owe Spencer Haywood

About FP: Meet the Staff | Foreign Editions | Reprint Permissions | Advertising | Corporate Programs | Writers’ Guidelines | Press Room | Work at FP

Services: Subscription Services | Academic Program | FP Archive | Reprint Permissions | FP Reports and Merchandise | Special Reports | Buy Back Issues

Subscribe to FP | Privacy Policy | Disclaimer | RSS Feeds | Contact Us

FP Logo


1899 L Street NW, Suite 550 | Washington, DC 20036 | Phone: 202-728-7300 | Fax: 202-728-7342
FOREIGN POLICY is published by the Slate Group, a division of Washingtonpost.Newsweek Interactive, LLC
All contents ©2009 Washingtonpost.Newsweek Interactive, LLC. All rights reserved.