• NOVEMBER 21, 2009
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The Memory Trap

Why remembrance of past imperial glory holds back Russia today. Part of an FP series, 20 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall.

BY NINA L. KHRUSHCHEVA | NOVEMBER 6, 2009

The dramatic events of 1989 hinged on decisions made in Moscow. Mikhail Gorbachev changed the world when he decided not to send Soviet tanks to Berlin on November 9. A believer in free choice, he followed his conviction that the Soviet Union should no longer keep Eastern Europe under its thumb. He would not follow the precedent of his communist predecessors -- Nikita Khrushchev in Hungary in 1956 or Leonid Brezhnev in Czechoslovakia in 1968. Gorbachev's reforms not only liberated the Soviets from the straitjacket of Marxism-Leninism, but also released the national aspirations of people from the Baltics to the Bering Sea, who themselves had been trapped behind the Iron Curtain. In 1989, the peoples of Eastern Europe were free from communism, and two years later the Soviet republics, including the Russian Federation, began to seek the same freedom for themselves.

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Yet in the two decades that have followed, Russia has been largely aloof from the liberalizing tide of history. The reason is that Russians have never accepted the narrative of being an empire diminished. In 2000, Russia, once the center of the Soviet empire, elected as president (now prime minister) former KGB operative Vladimir Putin. One of Putin's central promises was to restore the national self-respect that had been shattered by the apparent loss of great-power status. When in 2005 he announced that "the collapse of the Soviet Union was the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the century" and "a genuine tragedy" for the Russian people, Gorbachev (though not mentioned by name) was his target of blame.

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Today, Putin's project to safeguard "great national Russian identity" involves throwback policies from the communist era -- such as attempting to pressure Europe into submission by increasing prices and limiting access to Russian oil and gas, and flexing Russia's military muscle, as in the recent conflict in Georgia and decisions to send military training ships to Cuba and Venezuela, as a tactic of intimidation.

It has been 20 years since the Berlin Wall fell, yet Russia still cannot accept the loss of its imperial power. Today it is clear that unlike other communist states, Russia's own 75 years of captivity to Soviet ideals and leadership cannot be blamed on the despotic nature of its former communist leaders. Neither closed borders, nor the Iron Curtain, nor the Berlin Wall, can imprison the Russian mind more than the idea of a Great Russia. As the saying goes, "Every nation deserves its government." Russians fully deserve Putin's illiberal leadership, and his popularity consistently rates at more than 70 percent. It is Mikhail Gorbachev and his liberal ideals that they have never embraced, or deserved.

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Nina L. Khrushcheva, author of Imagining Nabokov: Russia Between Art and Politics, teaches international affairs at the New School in New York.

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 (12)

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MIHIR1310

12:22 AM ET

November 7, 2009

really ?

?"""""""""""""Yet in the two decades that have followed, Russia has been largely aloof from the liberalizing tide of history. The reason is that Russians have never accepted the narrative of being an empire diminished."""""""

Really ? I thought because they saw their own lives being diminished due to the misguided reforms & broken promises of the 90s ??? Maybe its this insensitivity that has turned the RUssians away from the west in general ?

  REPLY
 

NESOKOL

3:20 PM ET

November 12, 2009

What insensitivities?

What the West has to do with the "lives diminished" and "broken promises"? Who diminished their lives and broke the promises? They lived in a Soviet imperial bubble brainwashed into thinking that they were superior to others. It turned out not to be true. So like many imperial powers before them, they need to adjust to the loss of empire (just like Britis, French, and even Americans now did) and build a new identity based on new values, not clinging to the imperial past of the Soviets or the Russian monarchy. That's the only way forward.

  REPLY
 

SAM FROM CALIFORNIA

3:48 AM ET

November 7, 2009

hmmm

Perhaps the fact that capitalism has been materially worse for Russians than Communism too? The problems that made communism fail in Russia have only been exacerbated, it seems, by the fall of the USSR, not improved; specifically, national chauvinism instead of a genuine concern for the poor/weak, corruption and nepotism at the party/state level, oligarchy, politically motivated courts, and a lack of visible economic or political freedom.

Perhaps we should be more focused with educating and improving the lives of everyday Russians, the only people who have been left behind since the fall of Communism (and arguably, the people who the system was built to keep happy in the first place; it was for Russian, not Ukranian or Polish security, or even socialist ideology, that compelled the USSR and Stalin to occupy Eastern Europe)? Russians seem to have poor access to serious health care and education, and as Biden so eloquently put it, they run the serious risk of becoming a dying society if they continue on their current path.

The tragedy, I think, is that the Russian people failed to buy into Gorbachov's democratic socialism. Too little too late? Instead, they got robbed by a new Oligarchy ex-"communists" during the 90s when half the bureaucrats left their jobs for the new private sector.

People may vote for the government they want, but that doesn't make it right for that government to abuse their privileges.

  REPLY
 

NESOKOL

3:28 PM ET

November 12, 2009

Who left them behind?

Once again, there is nobody to blame outside of Russia. They and only they themselves are responsible for their own destiny. And that's why they should be moving forward, not backwards despite the difficulties of the transitional period you site. The rest of the Eastern Europe had all that and succeeded. The Russians didn't. What prevented them? That's the point of the article.

  REPLY
 

WINTERKO

12:46 AM ET

November 9, 2009

Russia: Getting in Disgrace under KGB Thug Putin

Russian Mindset has put the nation into disgrace. USSR would collapse somehow even if Gorbachev didn't do so since its economy has already collapsed by the defense budgets and protection of eastern bloc from capitalism. Putin is the real villain. He's been wasting the profits from natural resources and is an asshole who doesn't know what is human rights and democracy since being an Ex-KGB. I'm sure he's dragging Russia into further disintegration. People from former USSR hate Russia whilst EU member's peoples are enjoying the prosperity so no more USSR like Super Power and no more Great Power Russia. Shang Hai Cooperation Council is just a rhetoric like Chavez's rhetoric. You are alone buddy.. Obviously no one is sorry about that..but seems delightful..

  REPLY
 

TOVSUHOV2009

5:04 AM ET

November 9, 2009

From Russia

I wish for the West of such president as Mikhail Gorbachev. The West it for a long time has deserved.

  REPLY
 

TOVSUHOV2009

5:14 AM ET

November 9, 2009

PS

Use google translator for reading comments to this note in runet
The reference to clause with comments of Russian
http: // inosmi.ru/social //20091109/156503043.html

  REPLY
 

BOBCHEN

9:11 AM ET

November 9, 2009

Who hates the haters?

I re-read the article several times, then the comments that followed and I realized something. This wasn't a critique of the Russian government policy or illiberalism in general. No, this was a slam against the Russian people, with a sort of a passive-agressive hostility that is almost laughable. It's like the author was trying to (im)politley say, "your country is messed up and its all your peoples' faults, I hope you rot in you little corner of hell you created!" I could imagine the smug look on the author's face, its almost schaudenfreude.

Here's a Russian perspective. The Soviet Union collapsed overnight when most empires historically decline over a long period of time. The standard of living and life expectancy went nose-down right after. The rest of the world watching in smug satisfaction while Russia when through the hell that was the 90s. Then someone comes along, someone who looks like extremely competent and confident, and tells you that he'll give you back a bit of what you lost, starting with your dignity. And you say yes.

Dignity.

Like it or not, people need it, especially people who've been knocked down. It's psychological crack. A defense mechanism. It lets people keep their sense of self-worth when everything else is taken from them. People have died for the sake of dignity, traded in their self-survival for self-respect. Yes, it can be irrational sometimes, sometimes destructive, but that's human nature. God forbid the Russians for showing their human side once in a while.

  REPLY
 

NESOKOL

12:48 PM ET

November 12, 2009

What dignity?

That is exactly the problem. Nobody took Russian dignity away - they lost it because it was based on false imperial definition of it. Putin brought the imperial propaganda back to them, but it is not dignity. Unless the Russians develop their new sense of dignity based on universal values of Western civilization, they risk to loose it again. That's what the story is about.

  REPLY
 

FREETRADER

5:01 AM ET

November 10, 2009

A lot of truth in this article...

After 20 years it has become obvious that while the states of Eastern Europe have, mostly, become relatively prosperous and democratic, the former Russian empire is slowily slinking back into its typical bearish dictatorial rule and relative poverty. I can't say for sure why Russia has always been such a basket case, but Nina Khrusheva, as the granddaughter of one of the Soviet Union's least odious Premier's, has as much insight as anyone into this puzzle.

It is fair to say that the Russian people have never had anything resembling a good government, except perhaps during the Yetsin years, which were economically terrible for many Russians (due of course to the dislocations caused by the collapse of communism itself). Still, it is the Russian people who routinely support the likes of Putin and, apparently, aren't particularly bothered when he kills or imprisons anyone who opposes him. It is too easy to just blame the Russian people for their predicament; but, like the the Germans during the Nazi era, they are certainly complicit in it.

  REPLY
 

TOVSUHOV2009

6:35 AM ET

November 11, 2009

For freetrader

You should live in Russia not less than year, to do a bit of travelling across the East Europe. Or it is a lot of to read different sources, and not just paid Jewish marginal (Hruscheva, Lipman, Kasparov, Filkengauer, etc.).
Then probably once you become are adequate and write something clever

  REPLY
 

NESOKOL

1:14 PM ET

November 12, 2009

Blame the Jews

"???? ? ????? ??? ????, ?????? ?????? ????". V.Vysotsky. Work on your English.

  REPLY
 
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