Reality Check: The Hajj

It's the greatest yearly pilgrimage on Earth. But these days, the annual trek to Saudi Arabia's holy sites is as much about politics as it is religion.

BY CHRISTIAN CARYL | NOVEMBER 20, 2009

This month, hundreds of thousands of Muslim pilgrims from around the globe are converging upon the Saudi Arabian holy cities of Mecca and Medina to perform the hajj, the pilgrimage that believers are supposed to make at least once in their lives as long as they have the health and the means to manage it. The hajj takes place this year from Nov. 25 to 29, but many of the faithful are already thronging the airport and docks of Jeddah, the main entry point for pilgrims.

It's an event of huge religious significance. Some three million Muslims from all around the world -- Indians and Pakistanis, Nigerians and Bosnians, Arabs and non-Arabs, rich and poor, Sunni and Shia -- will commune, worship, and celebrate the global unity of Islam. They'll be performing the same set of ritual acts, dressed in exactly the same clothes, all equal in the sight of God. For those who've completed the hajj, it's a lifetime landmark, a transformative religious experience.

In reality, though, there's another reason why the hajj is important -- even if most Muslims would rather it weren't the case. Today's hajj -- given the widening sectarian rifts within Islam -- is also very much about politics. To some extent, of course, it's always been that way. The royals in Riyadh have always taken their guardianship of the Two Holy Places in Mecca and Medina as a key to the spiritual and political guidance of the global community of believers. (It should be said, by the way, that though the Saudis invariably evoke the "nonpolitical" character of the hajj, they've also been known to shower pilgrims with literature espousing the benefits of the sere Wahhabi version of Islam that holds inside the kingdom.)

Given this potentially explosive mix of politics and religion, the recent war of words between the governments of Iran and the hajj's Saudi Arabian hosts deserves to be taken seriously. On Oct. 26, Iran's Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei, met with officials from the Iranian hajj organizing committee and seized the occasion to rail against alleged past mistreatment of his compatriots during the pilgrimage.

"Such acts are against the unity of Muslims and contribute to the goals and wishes of the U.S. and foreign intelligence services," he said. "The Saudi government should fulfill its duty in confronting these acts." He received immediate support from President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who warned on his Web site that the government in Tehran would respond with a "necessary decision" to defend the dignity of Iranian pilgrims.

On Nov. 2 the Saudi cabinet of ministers fired back: "The kingdom does not permit any party to disrupt the security of the pilgrims or to attempt to divide the ranks of Muslims." The text didn't mention Iran by name, but everyone in the region knew whom the Saudis had in mind. The hajj has remained a central battleground for these two rivals at least since the 1979 Iranian Revolution, as Saudi Arabia and Iran have competed for regional influence and worked to spread their competing interpretations of Islam. Those divisions remain alive and well despite some superficial improvements in places like Iraq and Lebanon -- and hopeful rhetoric from President Obama. The rise of a Shia-dominated government in Iraq and Iran's nuclear aspirations certainly haven't helped to assuage Saudi fears.

Throughout the 1980s, Iranian pilgrims tried to use the hajj as an opportunity to propagate Islam à la Khomeini. That conflict culminated in full-scale riots in 1987, when Saudi security forces opened fire on demonstrators. The clashes resulted in 402 deaths, not to mention some 600 wounded. That's a nightmare that the Saudis, presumably, would do anything to avoid. And they probably aren't finding much consolation in a recent statement by an Iranian government spokesman that this year's Iranian pilgrims are planning to stage a "peaceful demonstration" calling for "Death to Israel, Death to America." (Apparently, he didn't notice any irony.)

MAHMUD HAMS/AFP/Getty Images

 

Christian Caryl is a contributing editor to Foreign Policy. His column, Reality Check, appears weekly on ForeignPolicy.com.

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HAIRYSTEVE20

8:10 PM ET

November 20, 2009

1979

No mention of 1979?

The attempted insurrection in Saudi Arabia led by Sunni fanatics. The Saudi authorities and the American press blamed the Iranians for that at the time. The truth took years to come out.

Maybe you shouldn't print this kind of inflammatory speculation without mentioning the whole story.

 

KISA-KHANI

9:13 AM ET

November 22, 2009

!979 The year of the Embassy.

This was the year when Ayatollah Khomenie's elder son had befriended a Sunni
diplomat from Pakistan and two had become good friends. When this trouble in
the two holy cities expolded and all western papers blamed Iran? Most Sunnis outside Saudi Arabia knew it was instigated by a third party and Saudi regime had play the part. Today its the issue of Iran's Nuclear progress which is thorn in
the heart of Israel, removing the thorn needs a surgical expert but all are afraid to
hold the scapel. Once again the Saudis will be asked to play their role.I am a Sunni Pashtun with family members married to shias and live happily.

 

AHSON HASAN

5:36 PM ET

November 22, 2009

Muslim World Needs a Reformation

Understood and recognized that the act of performing hajj is indeed a deeply sacred ritual that is performed every year by Muslims from all over the world.

However, given the fact that the entire activity is based on the show of Muslim unity and Islam’s ability to peacefully co-exist, the premise of the philosophy is somewhat negated not only by the Iran-Saudi Arabia friction but also by the acts of violence committed by extremists all over the world.

One is not trying to question or undermine the very ‘cause’ of performance of hajj. Nevertheless, it is certainly perplexing to balance this rather spiritual exercise with the suicide bombings and the growth of terrorism that unfortunately characterizes modern-day Islam.

Granted that it is foolhardy to ‘generalize’ the image of a community, a nation or people belonging to a certain faith, Muslims perhaps need to do some stocktaking of their religion.

I see the performance of hajj as something standing in contradiction to what we see and observe almost on an every-day basis in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan and elsewhere – brainwashed young men blowing themselves up in public places, killing and shooting innocent civilians and never being held accountable for their heinous crimes.

A friend once wrote to me and I quote: “I think in the evolution of any religion that all of what is beautiful becomes easily corrupted. Instead of worship of the Almighty, we evolve into worship of the codification, the rituals, the institutions, the demagoguery, the separatism, and sadly, the sense of superiority we think our religion endows. In other words, we begin to worship ourselves. We are the ones we were warned about. And there we begin to descend into everything we thought we hated. Indeed, we represent hatred more than the expression of a loving and merciful God who wishes only that we communicated that love to others. I have long thought that what the Muslim world needed was a Reformation.”

The fact that hajj takes place in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a nation that houses the spiritually corrupt sheikhs and produced most of the 9/11 terrorists, it is one’s understanding that the Saudi educational curriculum teaches nothing but hatred against the non-Muslims. Right from the day a child enters school, there is an emphasis on the downtrodden, parochial concepts of religion dating back to the times when Islam was still in its initial stages and the Muslims were using oppressive measures to bring people in to the fold of the religion. The very incompatibility of the kingdom’s educational system with the modern times is one huge factor that ‘urges’ its youth to have a go at those who don’t seem to fit ‘their description’ of Islam.

The Saudis are, for the most part, delusional and at crossroads with reality! This article suggests and it is a fact that the Saudis try to propagate their brand of Islam in various regions of the world. Every Tom, Dick and Harry knows that the Saudi money created the Taliban movement. The country of Pakistan stands destroyed and infested by terrorism today only because of the Saudi involvement. This is food for thought for the 30 million or so Muslims who intend to perform hajj this year – is Islam standing on a rickety, in fact, defective edifice? Is it not time to reform yet?

Perhaps the influential figures of the religion of Islam need to work for reconciliation and peaceful coexistence. Perhaps the Saudi royals can lead by example and reform their way of conduct, their style of governance, and adopt an open-minded approach toward the ‘less fortunate’ nations. How about stopping to meddle in the affairs of poorer Muslim countries?

Or, perhaps, the Muslims can approach religion from a non-political perspective. As my friend pointed out that Islam needs Reformation, it may not be bad idea if the Muslim nations introduce some much-needed reforms in their own political, educational, judicial and governmental systems. Human rights friendly laws could be something to think about. Providing respect and freedom to women and minorities can be another area to work on.

Moreover, given the tremendous amount of resources at their disposal, perhaps the oil rich Arab states can also think in terms of starting a reformation movement in the Islamic world. Once that movement gains momentum, one is confident that it’ll have positive impact on the disjointed, disgruntled and disoriented Muslim community. Make each day a day of reformation!

It’s time that big names of the Muslim world should open their eyes and look around. They seem to be victims of lack of imagination and infertility of minds. The world has undergone a drastic change from the times when Islam was first introduced as a religion. There is a dire need to bring down the walls of pride and prejudice and extricate the religion from the trenches of darkness. Muftis, khateebs, imams and like must talk about reformation since that process holds the key to any future prospect of peaceful coexistence amongst different faiths and religions.

It is indeed unfair to put the blame of extremism on the entire Muslim community only because of a few rotten eggs. However, self-reflection and self-criticism are essential. For the love of God and humanity, the Muslims must rise above themselves and communicate messages of pleasantness, love and tranquility instead of fatwas that may just be nothing but high-sounding nonsense. A sense of conviction is required that can only be achieved with a particular level of certainty and resolve from those who have the courage to make a change and promote a healthy dialogue amongst various nations, religions and communities.

 

NAZIA

1:31 AM ET

November 23, 2009

Hajj, an integrated presentation of Muslim Ummah

The basic theme behind implementation of Haj is surely a life time ritual of a fundamentalist but worldly logic behind is show off of unity of Muslim Ummah.
All wear same dress and stand on same level and bow down in front of supreme power of Universe.
Luckily this scripted commemoration has come into share of Wahhabi group who along with holding of oil wealth , used such heavenly blessings as power symbol for their tyrannical rules.
Here western forces played their foxy gamed who strengthened the power of shaikhs by supplying them modern arms and war technology to hit all other Muslim forces those try to confront with them on their autocrat way of rule in Muslim world.
Bhutto, qaddafi, yassir arfat,khomeni like Muslim leaders tried to channelize resources of Muslim world from this dump Muslim force toward Muslim ummah but here US-Jews lobby took an edge through their wily skills as they bought all traitors in Muslim world and used them to massacre and destroy Muslim community who tried to oppose the concepts of Wahhabism in the region.
We are only victim of conviction of our own simple rules and this is to respect the religious icons that has now tended to be monster of Islamic world but west cant get rid of this sharing this burden as they shared this responsibility along with rich Wahhabi groups and both spent huge resources on mass destruction instead of human development ensuing the present scenario of Muslim world.

 

MAIGARI

12:02 PM ET

November 23, 2009

HAJJ

Hajj is inded the unifying factor where muslims from across the world meet to exchange views and ideas. Unfortunately, the Saudi rulers ahve a rather unipolar view of the religion of Idslam. They have arrogated to themselves the sole preragative to guide muslims.
The complicity of Western countries is spectacular. particularly the US which at every point and turn supports and arms the Middle East dictators against even their own interest. Ironically, it is rogue Iran that has never attacked the US not even the avowed enemy Israel/ Yet the US is at every turn using the Sunni-Shia divide to assist in the oppression of the people of the Middle East! The Hajj is supposed to be religious, please leave the muslims alone to argue and even fight over our differences, we need no instigation and subtleties from the only remainig superpower!
The Wahhabi doctrine is festering in our countries coutesy of the oil wealth and the consequences is the growing instability we face on a daily basis with extreme views truncating any effort at meaningful dialogue mostly from Saudi trained Ulemaa!!

 

MEIMEIMEI

3:11 AM ET

November 27, 2009

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