Containment Breach

Preventing nuclear war between Iran and Israel would be more difficult than it ever was to avoid a nuclear confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. Here's why.

BY ROBERT J. LIEBER, AMATZIA BARAM | DECEMBER 22, 2009

A number of influential policymakers and foreign policy analysts appear much too complacent regarding the prospects of a nuclear-armed Iran. Former CENTCOM Commander Gen. John Abizaid has argued that "[d]eterrence will work with Iran," and former Deputy Director of National Intelligence Thomas Fingar, one of the authors of the 2007 National Intelligence Estimate on Iran's nuclear capabilities, has voiced similar opinions.

Deterrence in the Middle East, they argue, could be just as stable as it was between the United States and the USSR during the Cold War. "Israel's massive nuclear force will deter Iran from ever contemplating using or giving away its own (hypothetical) weapon," wrote Fareed Zakaria in the Oct. 12 edition of Newsweek. "Deterrence worked with madmen like Mao, and with thugs like Stalin, and it will work with the calculating autocrats of Tehran."

But this historical analogy is dangerously misconceived. In reality, defusing an Israeli-Iranian nuclear standoff will be far more difficult than averting nuclear war during the Cuban missile crisis. This is true even if those Iranians with their fingers on the nuclear trigger are not given to messianic doomsday thinking. Here are five factors that will make an Israeli-Iranian nuclear confrontation potentially explosive.

Communication and trust. The October 1962 negotiations that settled the Cuban missile crisis were conducted through a fairly effective, though imperfect, communication system between the United States and Russia. There was also a limited degree of mutual trust between the two superpowers. This did not prevent confusion and suspicion, but it did facilitate the rivals' ability to understand the other's side and eventually resolve the crisis.

Israel and Iran, however, have no such avenues for communication. They don't even have embassies or fast and effective back-channel contacts -- and, what's more, they mistrust each other completely. Israel has heard Iranian leaders -- and not just President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad -- call for its destruction. Meanwhile, Iranian leaders remain prone to paranoid and conspiratorial views of the outside world, especially Israel and the United States. In any future Iranian-Israeli crisis, each side could easily misinterpret the other's moves, leading to disaster. A proxy war conducted by Iran through Hezbollah or Hamas against Israel could quickly lead to a series of escalating threats.

Goals. The Soviets wanted to extend their power and spread Communism -- they never pledged the annihilation of America. Iranian leaders, however, have called for Israel to be "wiped off the map of the Middle East." After the street protests that followed the June presidential election, Iran has entered into chronic instability. In a moment of heightened tension and urgent need for popular support, an Iranian leader could escalate not only rhetoric but action.

There is a strong precedent in the Middle East of such escalation leading to war. Arab threats to destroy any Jewish state preceded a massive invasion of the new Israeli state in May 1948. In May and June 1967, Egypt's President Gamal Abd al-Nasser loudly proclaimed his intent to "liberate Palestine" (i.e. Israel in its 1949 borders), and moved his panzer divisions to Israel's border. The result was the Six Day War.

Shannon Stapleton-Pool/Getty Images

 

Amatzia Baram is professor emeritus in the Department of Middle East History and director of the Center for Iraq Studies, University of Haifa. Robert J. Lieber is professor of government and international affairs at Georgetown University.

SABABA03

9:57 PM ET

December 22, 2009

There is another way though.

Keep up the internal pressure through these riots. After all, these are the same (student) groups who back in 1979 were responsible for the overthrow of the Shah. They are "combat hardened and ready".

All throughout its 30 year in power, neither IRG, nor the Basij, or even the Mullah themselves have been challenged in any real and serious manner as it is seen today throughout Iran.

Like the saying goes, "a barking dog, never bits". This regime have been doing just that. It is just a matter of time, before this regime will collapse under its own weight and fall. After which, a new secular and democratically elected government will assume power in Iran.

Once elected, the new PM will declare halt on all Iran's military nuclear program. With only the civilian one will continue. Leaders of Hizbollah will be told, "Take a hike" .

Iran will then re-join the international community in constructive manner. including full peace with Israel.

 

MOHJOE

12:02 AM ET

December 23, 2009

Is this a fantasy forum??

I love your expressions of fantasy, but Iran did actually have a democratically elected government in the full sense of the term as a Westerner would understand it, back in 1953. The Premier was Mohammed Mossadeq and he was overthrown by the US and Britain in a joint operation called Operation Ajax. They didn't like his oil policies, the fact that he apparently believed that Iran's oil was actually Iran's and not the Wests'. He was replaced with a brutal and corrupt dictatorship, that of the Shah. The Iranian people struck back 26 years later in the Islamic revolution and the rest as they say, is history.

Your dreams and fantasies don't accord with the real world. The overwhelming majority of Iranians are sincere Muslims (including those who are opposed to the current regime). Sincere Muslims the world over despise what Israel is doing to the Palestinians and no democratically elected Muslim government could possibly go against its own support base.

The idea that a democratically elected Iranian government would happily subordinate itself to Western and Israeli interests, as you imply, is laughable. But if this fantasy helps you sleep easier at night, then you go right on ahead and believe it...

 

NORBOOSE

11:58 AM ET

December 24, 2009

Both yalls be oversimplifyin'

All Right
To 1st Guy: The Iranian regime will not topple that easily and theres no guarentee it would be instantly replaced by a totally peaceful, moderate, democratic government. Even if it was, it still wouldn't like Israel.I would agree we should try to focus on influencing Iran to be more moderate, through indirect means, but its not going to be that clean.

To 2nd Guy: Nobodys pretending that the US did not make some really dumb-ass mistakes during the cold war, due to our absolute obsession omn the Soviets, but you just cant pretend that the Revolutionary Government is the real will of the Iranian people. In the downfall of the Shah there was an oppurtunity for democracy, then the revolutionary government just happened to win with over 90% of the vote in the first election. Unless you think they had the political advisors of God himself, theres no way anyones won a fair national election by that margin. You also reveal that stupid, outdated view of the world as western-dominated that infuriatingly persists in the muslim world. It just doesnt make sense anymore. The US is a very seperate entity than Western Europe, and western Europe has one or two second-rate powers at best. China or Russia could just womp the entiriety of that region if not for the US nuclear umbrella. Great Britain is on par with countries like Japan, India, and Brazil. I dont understand why the muslim world is stuck in the Early 20th Century, because while theyve been stagnating, countries that were then considered "barbarous" by the "colonial powers" have come to dominate the world stage. I could go on forever denouncing this archaic world view, but Im sick of typing. Finally, Im not going to wade in on the Israeli-Arab conflict, but I realize it is incredibly complex, with guilt to go around, anyone who reduces it to a one-sided conflict is just, I dont know, {insert clever pejorative}

 

SIR_MIXXALOT

10:35 AM ET

December 23, 2009

Clueless in DC and Haifa

"Preventing nuclear war between Iran and Israel would be more difficult than it ever was to avoid a nuclear confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union."

Great.

OK, then GET RID of the ISRAELI nuclear weapons in the region!!!!

FP editor: What is the point of getting someone from Israel and another pro-Zionist, to comment on the Iranian nuclear program? It is not credible -- just like the recent article by the spy Steven Rosen who sold out the US.

The source matters to your readers.

The ONLY weapons that currently exist in the middle east are the ISRAELI ones.

Get a clue.

Israel is not an NOT member, has nukes, and as the Goldstone report points out the IDF harbors war criminals.

Read the National Defense University report on how deterrence WILL work for Iran: (written by real experts not talkng head fools)

http://www.ndu.edu/inss/mcnair/mcnair69/mcnairpdf.pdf

And the letter last year in the Washington Post, cited on the FAS website that references the NDU report:

[http://www.fas.org/blog/ssp/2009/12/figuring-out-fordow.php ]

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/27/AR2008102702552_pf.html

Iran’s Nuclear Aspirations

Tuesday, October 28, 2008

Daniel R. Coats and Charles S. Robb are correct that a nuclear-armed Iran would be intolerable and would cause a domino effect of further nuclear weaponization in the region ["Stopping a Nuclear Tehran," op-ed, Oct. 23].

However, to deal properly with Iran, one must not overhype the threat but rather attempt to understand Iran’s motivations, something that the National Defense University at Fort McNair has done.

A 2005 NDU study concluded that Iran desires nuclear weapons mainly because it feels strategically isolated and that “possession of such weapons would give the regime legitimacy, respectability, and protection.”

In other words, Iran desires nuclear weapons for the purpose of deterrence, just like every other nuclear-armed nation.

The NDU study continued, “[W]e judge, and nearly all experts consulted agree, that Iran would not, as a matter of state policy, give up its control of such weapons to terrorist organizations and risk direct U.S. or Israeli retribution.”

And it said the “United States has options short of war that it could employ to deter a nuclear-armed Iran and dissuade further proliferation.”

The most sensible way to approach the Iranian nuclear issue would be to work seriously toward confidence building and eliminating nuclear weapons from the entire Middle East, including those in Israel.

==========

The NDU report cited is avialable here:

http://www.ndu.edu/inss/mcnair/mcnair69/mcnairpdf.pdf

====================================================

What the US does NOT need is these types of pro-Zionist authors who have subverted our FP, and rob US taxpayers of $14m each DAY.

Israel is not our 51st state. Cut it loose.

Here is what a pro-Israel, Jewish knighted UK member of parliament has to say about Israel:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMGuYjt6CP8

Why do I want only these Zionist loonies to have nukes in the middle east? Get rid of ALL nukes in the middle east.

Iran is probably seeking nukes ___**because**__ of the Israeli nukes.

Clueless professors.

 

SABABA03

1:59 PM ET

December 23, 2009

Lets clarify few things.

Let me reply to few comments made by pro-Iranians here.

1. Mosadegh and "democratically elected".
Yes, it was unfortunate that he was overthown. Notwithstanding, when a society's core foudation and ideology is based on freedom and respect to individual right, it automatically elects another democratically elected government.

Back in 1979, it was the Iranians themselves who embraced Khomeini, and freely chose the type of theocracy regime as we see it today. They could have replaced the Shah with a secular and democratic government - they did not. So please stop beating on the same dead horse, and blame US for Iran's current problems.

2. Israel and nuclear weapon:
The formula is simple, if Arab (and now the regime in Iran), do not wish Israel to posses nukes, they should not have given them the reason to have them in the first place. Since 1948, Israel had faced no less 6 attempts to annihilate it from the face of the earth. Thanks to the continued threats from Akmad-midget in Tehran, he is giving plenty of reasons for Israel to maintain its deterrence.

3. Mullahs and Iran.
Let face it, the brave Iranian man and woman, now are coming to realize the catastrophic error with which they brought the Akhoonda into power. When you have a regime which lags its own constituency, as educated and forward looking like those Iranian student, by 900 years, it is time to remove it and let Iran chose the type of secular, democratic and prograssive as the people there deserve.

4. Iran and nuclear technology:
Perhaps both of you gentleman are oblivious that, it is not the question of weather Iranian people deserve to posses nuclear technology for peaceful purpose. - they certainly do. The question rather is, can anyone in his right mind allow a group of religious fanatics to have their finger of the nuclear device.

These Mullahs are guided by a 1300 year religious doctrine, which commands them to "look for Jews behind every tree, and rock and kill them". Or, "Jews must live under Islam as protected group". It is this type of unstable mind set with which these despotic regime views its relationship with Israel - NOT their pretentious concern for the Pals.

 

SIR_MIXXALOT

3:31 PM ET

December 23, 2009

I am indeed pro-Iranian

I am indeed pro-Iranian people. Not pro-Iran govt.

I am an American.

Don't like nuclear weapons tech in middle east? Get rid of Israeli nukes.

Outlaw AIPAC.

 

SIR_MIXXALOT

10:39 AM ET

December 23, 2009

Why the authors are WRONG

the important bit from above:

A 2005 National Defense University study concluded that Iran desires nuclear weapons mainly because it feels strategically isolated and that “possession of such weapons would give the regime legitimacy, respectability, and protection.”

In other words, Iran desires nuclear weapons for the purpose of deterrence, just like every other nuclear-armed nation.

The NDU study continued, “[W]e judge, and nearly all experts consulted agree, that Iran would not, as a matter of state policy, give up its control of such weapons to terrorist organizations and risk direct U.S. or Israeli retribution.”

And it said the “United States has options short of war that it could employ to deter a nuclear-armed Iran and dissuade further proliferation.”

The most sensible way to approach the Iranian nuclear issue would be to work seriously toward confidence building and eliminating nuclear weapons from the entire Middle East, including those in Israel.

==========

The NDU report cited is avialable here:

http://www.ndu.edu/inss/mcnair/mcnair69/mcnairpdf.pdf

 

EDWARD PARSONS

11:45 AM ET

December 23, 2009

Extremely disappointing article

While the authors make one or two excellent points, there are so many things wrong here that its makes its very hard to take them seriously.

Firstly, the discussion about the lack of communication and channels of discussion between the two parties is absolutely spot on. This is the most vital part of any sort of "balance of terror" between two powers, and represents probably the greatest reason to be afraid of a nuclear Iran - the possibility of nuclear exchange not out of malice or strategy but out of miscommunication and miscalculation. Immediate steps to rectify this would be in the interests of all parties (though, as the aftermath of the Mumbai attacks showed, the communication channels between nuclear powers can represent a tempting target for extremists and trouble makers).

Regarding the "existential" threat from Iran, both the writers should know better than to trot out the same old nonsense. The "wipe off the map" comment is particularly stupid, as no such phrase exists in Persian. The butchering of cold war history is also ridiculous ("We will bury you", anyone?), as is bringing in Nasserite era politics. By mentioning Egypt, of course, the authors completely undermine their own point in light of Egypt's subsequent changes of direction on the Israel issue. Referring to Nasser's tank divisions as Panzers is ridiculous and childish name calling and so far beneath the dignity of a professional publication that I am amazed it was allowed to pass. Also, in their continuing assault on history, the authors fail to mention that Israel was the aggressor in 1967.

Regarding the second strike potential, simply throwing around comparative land areas is another lazy trick, when you fail to mention Israel's submarine based, and thus largely untouchable, nuclear capability. They also fail to recognise that within the area Iran would be destroying with any potential nuclear strike there exists not only a number of religiously important sites for the Islamic faith but also a large civilian population of Palestinians - whose support and supposed "struggle for liberation" provide the Iranian regime with an enormous amount of legitimacy both domestically and in the region.

Finally, the authors fail to mention that Iran has not one, but several nuclear near neighbours, the most threatening of whom after Israel is Pakistan. This is not simply an extension of the Middle East politics of the 1960s and 1970s - instead, this is a much wider issue. Any argument about the feasibility or desirability of an Iranian nuclear capability much be grounded on an appreciation of this wider context. Israeli - it ain't all about you.

 

SABABA03

6:17 PM ET

December 23, 2009

Yet another way to remove the regime

In Swahili they say "why buy the cow, if you can get the milk for free".
Why go through costly, dangerous, and arduous effort of destroying Iran's nuclear facilities. - when a much easier method will be by far more effective to remove the regime.

If we remember Reagans "star War" program of the 1980's. Its objective was insidious and as turned out a very effective. Forced USSR to spend all their rubles on far fetch (and very expensive) military, until their economy collapsed, and rest is history.

The same tactic can be employed on the Mullahs.
A. since US forces already surrounding Iran, a very effective campaign to force IRG ro disperse its forces over Iran's vast territory, thus reduce its effectiveness as military force.

B. Force the regime to spend all its budget (80% comes from oil) on military la la land. Such that, no money left for their generous welfare program, or other essential services.

C. The sheikhs in Saudi Arabia will flip the switch to increase oil supply to the market, until price pbb goes down to $25.

Brave Iranians take to the street - this time with far more reasons to riot. Accusing the regime of putting the interest of the Palestinian & Hizbollah ahead of the Iranians themselves.

 

KAMMIQAZI

12:50 AM ET

December 24, 2009

hmmmmm

isn't enough that one of the "scholar" is already defending your country?

 

DECONSTRUCTOR

4:13 AM ET

December 24, 2009

unscholarly article

I cant get how these so-called two "scholars" teaching international relations at world-renowned schools can publish such a primitive and one-sided article which lacks any vivid analytical reasoning but repeating what Israeli politicians say in public. FP should not allow such unscholarly publication really.

Why FP does not assing a similiar task on the topic such as 'ISRAEL'S NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND STABILITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST' to provide for a marketplace of ideas in such important discussion?

 

KINGPADDY

7:26 AM ET

December 24, 2009

It is presented as an arguement, isn't that clear

I find it interesting that the other major player in this war game is not even mentioned. It is not The United States, it is not really Israel either. It is Saudi Arabia. Who controls the world oil market? Who controls the great banking assets? Who attacked the United States and got away with it? Who controls the Muslim Brotherhood? Who did the United States defend with it's own children when Iraq exerted it's power? Who has remained in Saudi Arabia as it's personal military forces? Who is behind the Yemeni Tribal attacks against Saudi Arabia?

Why does Iran feel like it needs Nuclear weapons? To defend themselves from a country that has never attacked them in a physical or substantial way? Iran feels it needs to prevent an attack from a country that could of done so for over 50 years if it chose?

How do the Wahhabi stay out of the news when they are the aggressors?

But this is an argument and all I have is questions, such as:

Why is the Balfour declaration never discussed?
Why does the Islamic world, with all of Palestine except for a little sliver given to the Zionist bring attack after attack? Is not Jordan a Palestinian country? Why didn't the people of the coast take the land offered in the Balfour Decision as another Palestinian state?

Why did Muhammed Amin al-Husseini (The British appointed Grand Mufti of Jerusalem) order all Arabs from the lands awarded to Israel before the 1948 war?
Was this done to give the five armies a clear killing field when the Islamic armies attacked and then the people could return and take any land they wanted?

Why isn't Muhammed Amin al-Husseini's relationship with Adolph Hitler discussed more openly? Why isn't the Muslim S.S. Division of Hitler's southern army discussed? Why are the 682,000 Jews, Gypsies, Christians and others (apprx) taken to a death camp by this division as noted in history books but not discussed?

I am an anthropologist who works in South America with indigenous populations and when I hear their histories from them I learn the truths.

Answer questions like these and strip them of their agendas and spin and we will see a different case put before us. I don't believe any of them.

 

KHARALDSSON

12:13 PM ET

December 24, 2009

Deterrence is as firm as ever

Anyone thinks that Iran will actually use their nuclear weapons against Israel has no business commenting on this issue. Two points eviscerate this argument:

(1) In the International System, Iran is no different than any other state wishing to acquire nuclear weapons. Regardless of its desire to drive Israel into the sea, it knows that it is incapable of doing so, even if it has nuclear weapons. In the international system, all states are rational actors, including Iran.

(2) The strength of Nuclear Deterrence cannot be disputed. The there are no credibility issues in when MAD is present in a Type I Deterrence situation. The fact is, Iran will cease to exist if it uses nuclear weapons! I am sorry, regardless of any nonsense put forward by these neocon idiots, Iran will not commit suicide. There is NO WAY that Iran will EVER nuke Israel.

 

SABABA03

1:45 PM ET

December 24, 2009

Religious Fanatics don't recognize deterences.

Two flaws in your argument.

1. The decision to use nukes or not lies on ONE man (khamanei) , who has neither military, political, or modern day international credentials. His only authority stems and based on backward and discarded fundamentalist religious dogma. The same reason why the international community is so concerned about N. Korea's nuclear program, where one mad man can decide to push the trigger.

2. You failed to mention the psychological effect under which these Mullahs can inflict on the Israeli population. Once they had acquired them, we can be sure the Akmad in Tehran warns Israelis day in and day out, - quoting from the Quran, "the day of judgment had arrived", and if they don't leave soon, Armageddon is coming to them .

Israelis nerve is already stretched to the limits, and with no strategic depth to rely on, how many Israelis will take his threats seriously? - I don't even want to speculate.

After all, this is exactly how they promised Hamas to liberate they land w/o a single shot.

 

RKERG

10:22 PM ET

December 25, 2009

"We will bury you"

Despite what this article says, actually, Krushchev went to the UN and said that Russia would bury America. Was that an "existential"
threat too? Whatever. Rhetoric is as rhetoric does.
BTW, how can there be a "nuclear war" between Israel and Iran if only
Israel currently has nukes?
Oh, so this is supposed to convince us all that Israel might just as well nuke Iran now, preemptive like? Well, whatever, but I am beginning to smell fear amongst the AIPAC and neo-con crowd. Is Israel actually AFRAID of Iran? Or is it just their beltway supporters?

 

SIR_MIXXALOT

3:43 PM ET

December 27, 2009

Deterrence Works just Fine -- Thank you.

The National Defense University report on deterrence and Iran is available here:

http://www.ndu.edu/inss/mcnair/mcnair69/mcnairpdf.pdf

 

JANEYLOD

1:04 PM ET

January 6, 2010

A Middle East where more and

A Middle East where more and more states have nuclear arms, known to experts as a saturated multiplayer environment, will present an almost insurmountable challenge for deterrence calculations by regional or external powers, and a still greater risk of serious instability. As in the previous comments was told, are there written true facts about Middle East?
Ylod