Africa Needs a New Map

It’s time to start seeing the redrawing of the continent’s colonial borders as an opportunity, not a threat.

BY G. PASCAL ZACHARY | APRIL 28, 2010

Muammar al-Qaddafi isn't exactly known for brilliant ideas on maximizing political justice; his own country, Libya, is essentially his private fiefdom. But a few weeks ago, he had a pretty good one: to partition Nigeria, "the giant of Africa," as he called it, in half. Religious violence along the border between the country's north and south seemed to have drawn a pretty clear battle line; Nigeria's massive and massively diverse population seemed to warrant separate states. After years of watching this oil-rich country of 150 million struggle to manage its obvious divides, Qaddafi just gave voice to what others must have been thinking: Time to split Nigeria up.

But in Africa, the declaration fell on deaf ears. Nigeria recalled the Libyan ambassador and firmly rejected the idea. Even for a continent accustomed to Qaddafi's antics, this time the Libyan leader went too far. Talking about redrawing continental borders -- which are today almost exactly as they were at the time of independence 50 years ago -- is something of a cardinal sin. But Qaddafi did not exactly repent. He had misspoken, he said: Nigeria should not be split in two, but perhaps into three or even four nations. 

Silence about borders has become Africa's pathology, born in the era of strongman leaders that followed decolonialization. Loath to lose any of their newly independent land, the continent's leaders upheld a gentleman's agreement to favor "stability" over change. Today, the unfortunate result is visible in nearly every corner of Africa: from a divided Nigeria, to an ungovernable Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), to the very real but unrecognized state in Somaliland. Borders created through some combination of ignorance and malice are today one of the continent's major barriers to building strong, competent states. No initiative would do more for happiness, stability, and economic growth in Africa today than an energetic and enlightened redrawing of these harmful lines.

Like it or not, talk of a new map is echoing around Africa today for one very clear reason: Sudan, the continent's largest country by landmass, is scheduled to hold a referendum vote next January, in which the people of the country's autonomous south could decide to secede. Many see the prospect of instability as threatening. Yet there is no better time to rethink the tangled issue of African borders. If it works in Sudan, perhaps other countries should follow.

In fact, many thought the borders would change back in the late 1950s and early 1960s, when most African nations broke free from colonial rule. "An aversion to the international borders drawn by the colonial powers, if not their complete rejection, has been a consistent theme of anticolonial nationalism in Africa," wrote the scholar Saadi Touval in 1967. He went further, pretty much summing up the problems that still persist today: "The borders are blamed for the disappearance of a unity which supposed existed in Africa in preolconial times; they are regarded as arbitrarily imposed, artificial barriers separating people of the same stock, and they have said to have balkanized Africa. The borders are considered to be one of the humiliating legacies of colonialism, which, according to this view, independent Africa ought to abolish."

JUAN BARRETO/AFP/Getty Images

 

HENRY IRONS

3:16 PM ET

April 28, 2010

Somaliland

For the record Somaliland follows colonial borders since it was a British Protectorate from 1884-1960. After one week of independence it joined a voluntary union with Italian Somaliland to form modern Somalia. So in essence a recognized Somaliland state would be following the "sacred rule" of African nations not meddling with colonial borders. I would have expected better research from a publication as well known as FP.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Somaliland

 

RICK_SAGE

2:55 PM ET

April 30, 2010

Somaliland comment

I think that Mr. Irons is a little harsh on the author. The case of Somaliland is cited as an example of international/African silence on the issue of border change - not as an example of rejecting colonial boundaries. I did enjoy the expanded commentary on Somaliland though.

 

AMERICA7

7:08 PM ET

April 28, 2010

Complete Nonsense

Nigeria already fought a civil war over this issue.
This is an issue every Nigerian has thought about.
Do you really think those in the North or the West will give up oil rich land?

Muammar al-Qaddafi is a dictator who gave military training and support to Charles Taylor, who then launched a bloody civil war to become a warlord president in Liberia.
Neither Muammar al-Qaddafi or the West knows what is best for independent african countries.

 

JOHNBRAGG

10:47 AM ET

April 29, 2010

Civil wars to border wars

Who is to draw the new borders? Where exactly does, say Eastern Congo start and stop? Is Katanga part of Eastern Congo, or a separate state? Who decides?

Or is the answer to recognize and legitimize de facto states that emerge from the chaos?

 

HONESTOBSERVER

1:22 PM ET

April 29, 2010

Exactly.

Rethinking borders? What makes it any better an idea in Africa than it would be in the Middle East, or in the Balkans, or in Central Asia?

 

GRANT

12:30 PM ET

April 29, 2010

Frankly put, this suggestion

Frankly put, this suggestion would do nothing more than get more people killed. Furthermore there exists no nation in the world with the power to accomplish this, nor the interest in trying. For very good reason the Great Powers have shown great dislike of separatist movements and redrawing borders, and I don't think that this should be changed.

 

IAN

2:13 PM ET

April 29, 2010

The idea may sound nice...

but the implementation would undoubtedly be bloody and drawn-out. I believe that the idea, if done cleanly, could provide a measure of security in Africa that generally isn't there right now. I also know that current leaders of states that are most likely to split up will fight tooth and nail for it not to, for the exact reasons you said in your article. Also, Great Powers would be leery of recognizing the myriad breakaway states that will come from them, just like Somaliland. I have a friend from there and he constantly asks why noone bothers with Somaliland. They are relatively secure, their governement revolves around the tribal chiefs of the area and peace is maintained throughout the country, yet every major power supports the Transitional Government in Mogadishu. This government doesn't even control all of its capital city and is under constant attack from militias like al-Shabab.

Until major powers start acting to support states that are actively seeking to improve their populace and generally conforming to international standards of government instead of defunct wannabes from the colonial era, nothing is going to change.

Maybe Sudan will change that. Most likely it will be ridden with corruption and ballot-stuffing and everything else followed by brutal civil war and nothing will actually change because no one outside of Africa wants to help. Somalia 91 is exactly why this perpetual state of un-state is going to continue. No one wants to have a repeat. Political suicide. And this fear has extended itself to fill the Lost Continent.

Will and African-American President change this feeling? One can hope, but until Obama does more than talk, I wouldn't hold out much hope at all. Just because he has roots there doesn't mean he will possibly commit political suicide for the greater good. He's still a politician.

 

AALAME

8:49 PM ET

April 29, 2010

OMG wow this guy is a gumball machine

like his UN speech wasn't enough ... this guy is like what comes out of
gumball machines
always fun but sometimes not what you want...

 

SWALLOW37

11:11 PM ET

April 29, 2010

Gaddafi: Africa Needs a New Map

Gaddafi has never given a serious thought to what he says, or paid much attention to the consequeces of his irrational diatribe. He simply craves media attention, whether it is positive or negative. I believe reponsible media should not avail the opportunity to see his name in print, as this feeds his ego.

 

ECONOMICINNOVATOR

2:02 AM ET

April 30, 2010

Regional Innovation Model

OR perhaps Texas should follow the "Texas Ranger" in seceding from other parasitic states OR The Union should isolate debt riddled California and loan them money for tent cities!

The article was good until the last paragraph of the second page. Economic growth is less tied to national boundaries than to local innovation. People don't even care about economics only their social well being. A more sober suggestion is one the encourages Africa to develop regional centres of innovation around natural resources, instututions of higher learning and more prosperous cities and regions, that create jobs and wealth for her people.I An inside-out not outside-in approach that is as weak as trying to effect social change through economic policy instead of culture.

This will result in new cities the network of which will evolve into a United States of Africa in 14 - 21 years.

Drawing boundaries should have a firm basis in wealth creation centres as a sensible nucleus. Remember, we are a species not unlike ants, roaches, seals, trees, birds (heck some schools of thought would even say mountains!!!!!)

Africa has the sublime advantage of being able to innovate herself by taking the best knowlege, technology and enterpreneurial practices of the world to create superior institutions.

 

ECONOMICINNOVATOR

2:14 AM ET

April 30, 2010

Ommission

Drawing boundaries should have a firm basis in wealth creation centres as a sensible nucleus. Remember, we are a species not unlike ants, roaches, seals, trees, birds (heck some schools of thought would even say mountains!!!!!) => WE LIVE IN COLONIES!

 

ADDIS

9:15 PM ET

May 7, 2010

500 countries... that's a solution?

Africa is dirt poor.

It will only get poorer and messier if the countries start splitting up along ethnic lines. The solution is to depoliticize the continent and its peoples.

It's a delusion, I know, but it's an even bigger delusion to split them up into million pieces and call each piece a country.

Most people, in the end, just want to live in piece and enter modernity in style. It's the politicians and the so-called nationalistic academics that keep getting in the way - whipping up people's emotions in the name of the Igbo or whatever else.

People flock to the West as fast as they can, in pursuit of the good life, without so much as a thought on culture loss, identity... the very stuff they dwell on at home.

There is no group more homogeneous than the Somalis - they have one language and one religion. Yet somehow, they are fighting. I just don't get the human psychology.

~Addis