The Wise Men and The Bomb

Some of the leading figures of the atomic age argue for a dramatic reduction in nuclear weapons — ultimately down to zero. Why?

BY DAVID E. HOFFMAN | MAY 20, 2010

In his resignation speech as director of Los Alamos National Laboratory in October, 1945, after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the physicist Robert Oppenheimer expressed doubts about a world living in the shadow of the bomb. The scene is nicely described in the 2005 biography American Prometheus by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin. As thousands listened, Oppenheimer, speaking in a low, quiet voice, said he hoped in the years ahead everyone would take pride in their wartime accomplishments. Then he declared:

"Today that pride must be tempered with a profound concern. If atomic bombs are to be added as new weapons to the arsenal of a warring world, or to the arsenals of nations preparing for war, then the time will come when mankind will curse the names of Los Alamos and Hiroshima."

After the war, Oppenheimer, who led the team that built and tested the first atomic bomb, warned of a nuclear arms race, the impossibility of defense against the bomb in war, and the need for international control of the atom. His concerns, and those of fellow scientists, were shared in a slim but potent volume which became a bestseller in 1946, One World or None: A Report to the Public on the Full Meaning of the Atomic Bomb, republished in 2007.

There's something about the bomb, something so mighty and mysterious, that many who have known of its immense destructive power and worked to restrain it have come away profoundly affected by the experience. At the dawn of the atomic age, it was the Oppenheimer generation of physicists.

In his introduction to the new edition of One World or None, the nuclear historian Richard Rhodes asks the question of why the scientists grasped so well the "radically new nuclear future" when others did not. The answer: "The scientists had done the numbers." They understood that the energy released in the fission of one uranium atom was on the order of 200 million electron volts. In contrast, ordinary chemical burning-the process in fire, for example-releases about one electron volt per atom. The physicists realized this huge difference in scale could forever change the nature of nations and war.

Many others came to share their fears. At a time of deep tensions with Moscow in 1983, Ronald Reagan watched a made-for-television movie, The Day After, while at Camp David. In his diary, Reagan wrote of the film:  "It has Lawrence, Kansas wiped out in a nuclear war with Russia. It is powerfully done... very effective & left me greatly depressed..."

At the end of the Cold War, Gen. George Lee Butler, who retired in 1994 as commander of U.S. nuclear forces, called for abolition of nuclear weapons. In a speech at the National Press Club in 1996, Butler said, "We're not condemned to repeat the lessons of 40 years at the nuclear brink." He added: "Standing down nuclear arsenals requires only a fraction of the ingenuity and resources as were devoted to their creation."

Now come four prominent wise men of the American defense and foreign policy establishment with a new film, Nuclear Tipping Point, warning about the still-present threat of nuclear weapons and the fissile materials that go into them. They are George Shultz and Henry Kissinger, former secretaries of state, William Perry, former secretary of defense, and Sam Nunn, the Georgia Democrat who served 24 years in the Senate and was chairman of the Armed Services Committee.

The film is narrated by actor Michael Douglas, written and directed by Ben Goddard, and was produced by the Nuclear Security Project. The project is coordinated by the Nuclear Threat Initiative based in Washington, a group working to reduce the risks of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, in cooperation with Stanford University's Hoover Institution. NTI is co-chaired by Nunn and Ted Turner, the CNN founder turned philanthroper-activist.

SAUL LOEB/AFP/Getty Images

 

David E. Hoffman is a contributing editor to Foreign Policy and the author of The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy. He blogs at hoffman.foreignpolicy.com.

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ZZMIKE

4:31 AM ET

May 21, 2010

Nuclear disarmament

I think it was Oppenheimer, after the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, who said that it was essential that these never be used again.

Unfortunately, the cat is out of the bag. Russia was the second major power to build an atomic bomb (in its earlier incarnation as the Soviet Union). Now other countries, less worried about Mutually Assured Destruction, either have it, or are on their way.

For us to "go to zero" would be tantamount to suicide. The Soviet Union would not risk destroying their country by attacking us. Other countries, such as Iran, do not give us the same assurance.

We cannot undo what has been done, especially what can be done by countries like Iran and Pakistan, whose fundamentalism could guide them to Armageddon.

 

GRATT

9:54 AM ET

May 21, 2010

zzmike, yes and no.

As long as Russia and China have such a large nuclear stockpile, you are right we cannot afford to give up ours (they say the same thing by the way) I suspect that that issue will only be dealt with when those states evolve into stable democracies with civil liberties. When that will happen is anyone’s guess.

As for Iran, NK, Pakistan and other such nations the prospect of them having a few nukes is not justification to hold on to our arsenal. The United States has more than enough conventional weapons to bomb all those states back to the Stone Age in a matter of days.
I am not saying they are not an issue, but let’s be honest we don’t need nukes to fend off their nukes

 

LAL QILA

11:03 AM ET

May 22, 2010

Pakistan's nuclear bombs are meant for India only

Pakistan's nuclear bombs are meant for India only, because Pakistan learn't the real meaning of the machinations of India after India had trained Mukhti Bahani terrorists for years on Indian soil, sent them to East Pakistan to destablise it, and failing all that India INVADED and broke of East Pakistan from Pakistan.

Half of Pakistan was lost due to machinations of India.

India's blood thirst is very deep. While India was invading East Pakistan, India had also encouraged Russia and Afghanistan to invade West Pakistan from the Durand line to carve out, not only Bangladesh, but also Pashtoonistan from the remaining Pakistan.

Pakistan had to divide and redeploy its army to avoid the Indian-inspired-Russian/Afghan invasion at the same time.

In subsequent years India has openly threatened Pakistan again that it will cut-off Karachi, the very large metropolitan city of Pakistan, from the rest of the country. "K for K" is the expression used by the Indians meaning Karachi for Kashmir.

It is only the Pakistani nuclear bomb that has kept India at bay for the last few decades, but India's blood thirst has not dried up.

Iran does not have any nuclear bombs.

There is a huge double-standard when it comes to Iran in the West and America and it is clear to one and all who is really behind that double standard, a country with 400 illegal nuclear bombs called Jewish Israel. It is Israel with the nuclear bombs that is threatening to bomb Iran, without nuclear bombs, on a daily basis.

 

CARDENAS697

10:50 AM ET

May 21, 2010

Nuke world Gratt

OK If we were to omit Russia and China from the equation. Explain to me why not still have our nuclear weapons. Let’s be realistic North Korea, Iran, Pakistan already have them. In the future so will Brazil and possibly other countries through out the world. We might have enough conventional bombs to bring them to their knees. But wars will not always be fought with conventional bombs. We live in an age where Oil, Information technology, and financial capital play a very important role to any military confrontation. In the financial world they say “Cash is King” in the military world Nuclear is king. We may not like nuclear weapons but they are a part of our new world.

 

EW66

1:51 PM ET

May 21, 2010

Catch-22

What ever happened to nuclear doctrine? I really hope the film addresses all the theoretical objections to downsizing not just ours, but the current nuclear community's arsenal. That is, in the absence of nuclear arsenals, will we really be living in a safer world? There have been a number of articles (including on FP) that have dealt with this question. We must keep in mind that we are left with conventional warfare in the absence of the nuclear deterrent and I tend to think that this would make war much more likely among nations. It's true that there are wars going on today, but not between powerful countries with considerable arsenals (both nuclear and conventional arms). Upon considering the WW1 & 2 multipolar dynamic that rendered the arena of international relations much more volatile and unpredictable, how can we wish to return to a world where nations understand that the means by which they protect their interests have much more contained consequences thereby making leaders that much more willing to summon their armed forces to incur bloodshed? Nuclear arms are frightening devices that evoke images of death & apocalypse; however, we must put those fears into context and ask ourselves if these dangerous weapons have saved more lives than they've taken in the past half century. Damned if we do, damned if we don't.

 

JACQUELYN WATSON

1:55 AM ET

June 19, 2010

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty

The leaders of U.S. Strategic Command and the U.S. Missile Defense Agency told a Senate committee that they were closely involved in developing the new Strategic Arms Control and National Security Treaty, and that they believe it will make the United States and its allies safer. President Barack Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed the treaty in Prague on April 8. vt dental insurance plans Since then, Defense Department leaders have spoken out in support of it on Capitol Hill where some lawmakers have voiced concern that it will weaken U.S. defenses or allow Russia an arms advantage. The treaty’s limits of 1,550 warheads will allow the United States to sustain effective nuclear deterrence, including a second strike capability. Its limit of 700 deployed intercontinental and submarine-launch ballistic missiles and heavy bombers will allow the United States to retain a robust triad. mn dental plans The Defense Department plans to invest $100 billion over the next decade to sustain and modernize its strategic nuclear delivery systems, while the Energy Department plans to invest $80 billion to sustain and modernize the nuclear stockpile and weapons complex

 

DLIMON

3:30 PM ET

May 21, 2010

Since the end of the Cold

Since the end of the Cold War, the international nuclear landscape has changed dramatically. The bipolar rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union has dissipated, and with it, the existential threat of global nuclear war. Today we approach a multipolar world, wherein even small state and non-state actors in possession of nuclear weapons could pose the greatest threat to American security. So while the specter of global nuclear war between the superpowers has diminished, the danger of a nuclear attack on the United States has increased. This changing nuclear landscape has been significantly shaped by two immediate and inextricably linked dangers: nuclear proliferation and nuclear terrorism. While these nuclear security challenges have formed a more complex, more unpredictable, and more perilous world, the growth of a nonproliferation regime has also opened opportunities to cooperate in eliminating these nuclear threats.
To be sure, the nonproliferation regime’s success in eliminating the threat of nuclear proliferation and nuclear terrorism will largely depend on continued cooperation, especially in the creation of a sustainable and cohesive nuclear weapons policy. The United States and Russia, shareholders of 95% of the world’s nuclear warheads, are endowed with a distinct responsibility of leading, strengthening, and expanding the present nonproliferation regime. Yet, as stated in President Obama’s Nuclear Posture Review, to decisively overcome the “grave and growing” threats of nuclear proliferation and nuclear terrorism, the United States and other states must not only cooperate on policy and consolidate the regime, but also seek the “peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons”.
Henry Kissinger said: “The danger posed by nuclear weapons is unprecedented. They should not be integrated into strategy as simply another more efficient explosive. We thus return to our original challenge: Our age has stolen the fire from the gods; can we confine it to peaceful purposes before it consumes us?".

 

LAL QILA

11:03 AM ET

May 22, 2010

Pakistan's nuclear bombs are meant for India only

Pakistan's nuclear bombs are meant for India only, because Pakistan learn't the real meaning of the machinations of India after India had trained Mukhti Bahani terrorists for years on Indian soil, sent them to East Pakistan to destablise it, and failing all that India INVADED and broke of East Pakistan from Pakistan.

Half of Pakistan was lost due to machinations of India.

India's blood thirst is very deep. While India was invading East Pakistan, India had also encouraged Russia and Afghanistan to invade West Pakistan from the Durand line to carve out, not only Bangladesh, but also Pashtoonistan from the remaining Pakistan.

Pakistan had to divide and redeploy its army to avoid the Indian-inspired-Russian/Afghan invasion at the same time.

In subsequent years India has openly threatened Pakistan again that it will cut-off Karachi, the very large metropolitan city of Pakistan, from the rest of the country. "K for K" is the expression used by the Indians meaning Karachi for Kashmir.

It is only the Pakistani nuclear bomb that has kept India at bay for the last few decades, but India's blood thirst has not dried up.

Iran does not have any nuclear bombs.

There is a huge double-standard when it comes to Iran in the West and America and it is clear to one and all who is really behind that double standard, a country with 400 illegal nuclear bombs called Jewish Israel. It is Israel with the nuclear bombs that is threatening to bomb Iran, without nuclear bombs, on a daily basis.

 

LAL QILA

4:43 PM ET

May 23, 2010

Pakistan also knows Israel's mal intentions against Pakistan

Pakistan knows Israel's, by extension America's and of course the usual criminal India's mal intentions against Pakistan's nuclear sites.

Israel and India’s failed plan to attack Pakistan’s nuclear reactor at Kahuta and Pakistan’s befitting reply to blow up Israel’s Dimona.

Read more here: http://lalqila.wordpress.com/2010/05/23/israel-and-indias-failed-plan-to-attack-pakistans-nuclear-reactor-at-kahuta-and-pakistans-befitting-reply-to-blow-up-israels-dimona/

 

F1FAN

9:54 AM ET

May 24, 2010

This is one of those things

That I would like to get behind but as soon as you trot out that murdering, self-serving, incompetent , fascist thug Kissinger, I stop listening.