Latin America's Shift to the Center

One of the most ideologically charged regions of the globe is turning to pragmatism.

BY MICHAEL SHIFTER | AUGUST 6, 2010

When Colombia inaugurates its next president on Saturday, observers might be tempted to proclaim a new political era in Latin America. The right-leaning Juan Manuel Santos will take over from President Álvaro Uribe, South America's most conservative president in recent years. Add this to the recent election in Chile of the conservative Sebastián Piñera and the possible victory of Brazil's conservative presidential candidate, Jose Serra, in an October election, and it would be easy to assume that -- less than a decade after Hugo Chávez and Evo Morales moved the region far left -- Latin America is now swinging back to the right.

In fact, though, the reality is more complex. Latin American Barometer, a comparative public opinion survey that has tracked political attitudes since 1995, reveals that if anything, the region has made a marked shift toward the center. In 2002, 29 percent of Latin Americans identified themselves as centrists; by 2008, that number had jumped to 42 percent.

It's not surprising, given the region's history, that some measure of political moderation should have taken over in more prosperous times. During the decades of 20th-century Cold War meddling and harsh military dictatorships, Latin America was nothing if not ideologically charged. These days, the region is governed more by pragmatism than any set of beliefs. So-called left and right candidates largely agree on how to run economic and social policy. To be sure, ideology has not disappeared, but it has taken a back seat to governments' abilities to actually run their countries.

In many cases, left and right share broad continuity and a measure of predictability on important economic, security, and social policy questions. Policy differences are still discernible in every election, but Latin America's global links, growing self-confidence, and swelling middle class have tempered abrupt political shifts. Citizens now vote on governments' performance -- the ability to resolve pressing problems like crime and unemployment -- and the charisma, political skills, and general appeal of the candidates. It's not about where the new government falls on the political spectrum.

In the Colombian elections, for example, there was little daylight between Santos and his main challenger, former Bogotá Mayor Antanas Mockus, on key economic and security policies. The differences between the two men were chiefly stylistic. Chile's election saw similar agreement between Piñera and the center-left coalition's candidate, former President Eduardo Frei. Though a politician on the "right," for example, Piñera is committed to the social agenda in health and education pursued by former Presidents Michelle Bachelet and Ricardo Lagos -- both Socialists. 

In Brazil, too, the political disparity between the left-leaning Dilma Rousseff -- the favored candidate of outgoing President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva -- and Serra appears pretty modest in the scheme of things. Serra is even proposing to expand Bolsa Familia, Brazil's anti-poverty cash-transfer program that has been such a pillar of the Lula government. Foreign-policy differences are more evident -- Serra favors a less cozy approach to relations with Venezuela and Iran -- though no serious candidate would retreat from Brazil's global influence. 

MARTIN BERNETTI/AFP/Getty Images

 

Michael Shifter is president of the Inter-American Dialogue and adjunct professor at Georgetown University.

TOMAS ROSA BUENO

12:16 PM ET

August 6, 2010

Was there anything funny mixed in your coffee this morning?

How else could you explain talking about "the possible victory of Brazil's conservative presidential candidate, Jose Serra, in an October election"?

Except for a major accident on the campaign trail (and by "major" I mean something like Ms Rousseff being caught on video taking a bribe - which is more likely t happen on the other side - AND admitting her guilt, AND saying she'll do it again), Jose Serra's chances in October equal zilch - no way Jose. If he's been faring relatively well so far, though falling steadily while Ms Rousseff goes up, it's because many voters have *not* identified him as the main candidate for the *opposition* to the most popular administration in Brazil's history. He's been extremely careful to *hide* this from the voters, but now that the campaign is officially on it will become crystal-clear to everyone who's who, and that's when Serra's steady fall in the polls becomes precipitous.

You just watch - his defeat will be humiliating, final, end-of-career. He may count himself lucky if he doesn't finish third, behind Marina Silva. And forget all vain hopes for a second chance, this election will be decided in the first round of voting, by a large margin.

 

MANOEL.GIFFONI

6:19 PM ET

August 6, 2010

Tomas is absolutely right!

Tomas is absolutely right! Yesterday's debate was yet another reason to imagine Serra won't make it. The man has been making every single mistake one can imagine. A couple of examples are:
1) He's criticized the country's foment bank cheap credit to big companies to expand internationally. Considering he's not exactly a people's candidate, it isn't really wise to pick a fight with these guys, who already published a manifesto in major newspapers defending the government's policy;
2) He accused Evo Morales of being involved to drug-trafficking because of the presence of traffic in Bolivia. Everyone asked if he was involved in crack dealing due to the drug's boom in the state of Sao Paulo during his administration
It is as I heard someone saying in the streets the other day: "he was the candidate of continuity when the people wanted change and now he is the candidate of change when people want continuity"

 

CARADOC

7:16 AM ET

August 7, 2010

Pragmatic?

The world's second most dangerous job, after Chinese coal miner, is being a labour organizer in Colombia. I've noticed there's been a huge effort recently to portray Colombia as some sort of moderate country with the ability to play a credible role in international affairs. This is because the US is becoming increasingly excluded from the real, substantive regional discusssions. And why should they be? Decades of support for regimes of the most anti-social kind has rubbed the region the wrong way; and pushing Colombia exclusively instead of engaging the major players (all of them democratically elected) remains a sign of how blinkered, unapologetic and ultimately exhausted US foreign policy towards Latin America has become. How dare Latin America decide what's best for itself! The nerve, after all (?!?!) the US has done for them!!!

 

KINGFELIX

6:46 PM ET

August 8, 2010

@caradoc

Agreed. Here in Guatemala, it is a concern to see Colombia being hailed as some sort of model for the region, but the last month has definitely seen a big media push to this effect.

 

FERNANDOHLEME

8:44 AM ET

August 9, 2010

Agreed

By the way, I see the exact contrary movement. If you watch the continued slide to the right wing that US has done (tea partiers and republican incumbents would surely agree), south america has standed up on social concerns like the end of poverty, educacion, redistribution of wealth (come on, this is no socialism, it's justice).

Uribe was not a role model, and his results are not also seen with envy. So, I do believe that this region tends to moderate left politics...

I'd also like to see that poll you mentioned. I don't know if there's enough understanding of what "left" and "right" could mean. The article is good, but it seems to be idealistic in a point that I think could hurt latin americans' road to development.

 

ALLENDAVIS2

9:17 AM ET

August 9, 2010

Is Columbia really that bad

Is Columbia really that bad though? I mean, after reading about Mexico's problems it seems that Columbia is a reasonable model of reform. The number of contract killings, for example, is way down, if I'm correct?

 

ALLENDAVIS2

9:19 AM ET

August 9, 2010

For those who haven't read it

For those who haven't read it they can read more about the Mexico thing I was talking about on the <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1205074.stm" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none; cursor: text;" onmouseover="self.status='';return true;">BBC website</a>

 

PUBLICUS

5:28 PM ET

August 9, 2010

Serra is overstated

Trying to focus or dwell on Serra in Brazil does not negate or cancel the writer's theme, thesis or point. You guys need better arguments to try to counter the thesis of the piece as written. Serra is a very weak point of argument to try to discredit the point of the article.

Develop some real arguments rather than try to discredit it by focusing on a guy like Serra whose possibility of of winning in Brazil is overstated by the writer - tho, really, between now and October one can't know for sure or with reasonable certainly.

Just get some better arguments to support your views, ok? Something positive, as in the issues before the electorate.

 

ASCHOPS

6:16 PM ET

August 9, 2010

I've talked about the general

I've talked about the general point of article below.

I said that its point - that Latin America is moving to the right - has not had any support so far. Only two countries have elected right-wing presidents the last few months: Colombia and Chile. Colombia has never been a part of the South American left, so it can't be used to support Shifter's argument. The same goes with Chile: it's true that prior to Piñera Chilenos had been voting for leftist presidents, but that's a trend that has begun far before the continent's shift to the left: as soon as Pinochet stepped out of power (1990) and up until this year. But the new left movement in the continent has begun later: in the late 90s or the early 2000s when Chavez, Lula and Kirchner took office in Venezuela, Brazil and Argentina. They all have been elected due to the failure of the economic reforms of previous, right-wing presidents. That, too, singles Chile out of the rest of the continent. Chile has not been rocked by the same crises as those in Venezuela, Brazil and Argentina - the crises that shifted those countries to the left.

Only one government that did belong to the new left movement, that of Uruguay, has had recent elections: and Uruguay again chose to remain with a leftist president (Mujica). Apparently Brazil will continue with a leftist president, and the prospects for Argentina to remain this way are improving as its economy picks up. Chances are that Peru will soon join the group: at least that wouldn't surprise anyone as its conservative president, Alan Garcia, is the South American leader most hated by his people.

As for the article, it has a clear ideological bias, something that is surprising as it apparently laudates "pragmatism". It dismisses the popularity of many of the leftist presidents with their populations not as an indication that they have been doing decent government, but as proof that the right is not aligned or hasn't yet offered a good alternative. And it puts that Latin America is now a predominantly leftist government only because its people is ideologically driven. The fact, however, is that anywhere in world most people don't vote out of ideological loyalty. They vote out of necessity. Latin Americans have been voting for leftists because its previous elected leaders in the 90s - all of which were on the right - failed to deliver economic development and reduce poverty with their "Washington Consensus" reforms.

 

CHEEBA CHEEBA YO

8:08 AM ET

August 7, 2010

Opinion polls

''In 2002, 29 percent of Latin Americans identified themselves as centrists; by 2008, that number had jumped to 42 percent.''

I wonder how these polls were conducted, if for instance it was carried out landline to landline that would leave out the majority that life in the slums.

Now if that is the case you guys are forgetting about the people that have elected the leftist leaders over the last decade.

But acknowledging these people and their subsequent mobilisation that has moved the continent to the left, due to the failure of neo-liberalism, would not do for those up North, would it?

How about you stop with the misinformation and treat us like the intelligent people we are.

 

PUBLICUS

5:31 PM ET

August 9, 2010

CHEEBA CHEEBA YO

Yo, congratulations on being intelligent.

Being intelligent, you are of course familiar with the specific and particular scientific public opinion research surveys, their premises, methodologies, statistical analysis and analytic conclusions.

Let us in on your intelligent true information and critiques, specifically, in detail, precisely and exactly.

From you I would expect no less.

Yo!

 

JRACFORR

12:33 PM ET

August 7, 2010

Hold the Champagne and Celebration for now

This is an excellent but incomplete article. While it acknowledge a shift towards moderation in some Latin American countries, it fail to address LATIN NATIONALISM and it's likely impact on future events affecting Latin America.
While it is true many nations are embracing a new economic path and less heated rhetoric. It is equally true that they REMAIN DEEPLY SUSPICIOUS of the USA and its intentions, based in part on the poor relations we have had with them in the past. Many Latin Americans attribute there under development to American exploitation and abuse. The recent recession and near collapse of the world economy has only reinforce that negative view of American capitalism. Fortunately China's demand for raw material has kept the economies of Brazil ,Chile , Argentina and Venezuela away from disaster. It might be speculated that China's success with capitalism has had a more meaningful impact on Latin America's outlook, than any growing admiration for America. Of even greater concern for the future is the unanimous demand by ten Latin American nations for the USA to accommodate "Illegal Aliens", a demand they would not accept in there own countries. This unreasonable request, more than anything else will sour the relationship between North and South America for decades. While there are signs of hope and economic growth in Latin America I would hesitate to break out the champagne and celebrate just now.

 

PUBLICUS

6:41 PM ET

August 9, 2010

PRC state controlled "market socialism"

Your points are well taken.

Let the dictators of South America, such as Chavez but certainly not only him, find out what is is to chummy up to the People's Republic of China and its 5000 year old system of totalitarianism/authoritarianism. Chavez and his kind are kids compared to the absolute control the PRC exercises over its own people and will exercise over the leaders of other countries it can bring under its control.

The S American dictators are in for a hard lesson of obedience to the nail-chewing, thousands of years generations of dictators of the PRC Jung Gwo (central country).

The PRC is dangerously provocative in its intentions and behaviors in South America. The heavy footed klutzes in Beijing are already beginning to overreach, dangerously and irresponsibly so.

 

HAYDENHARNET

1:05 PM ET

August 7, 2010

we can expect that , The US

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ASCHOPS

2:22 PM ET

August 7, 2010

Flawed and simplistic article

Well, as some have pointed out above, the possibility that Brazil will turn right is very small. Of the 4 polls divulged since late July, one reports a tie between Rousseff and Serra; three give an advantage for Rousseff that might be of anything from 5 to 10%. Serra's has not had an advantage at polling reports ever since April.

The predictions that Latin America will turn right have all failed. Only two countries in later times have elected right-wing presidents: namely, Chile and Colombia, and none of them belonged to the same ideological spectrum of the "pink tide" countries. And yes, that includes Chile: it's true that, prior to Piñera, Chile had been electing leftist presidents. But that process began in 1990, which singles Chile out from the "pink tide" leftists in Brazil, Venezuela and Argentina - all of which have been elected during the late 90s and early 2000s in face of the failure of the neoliberal economic reforms of previous presidents. Also importantly about Chile is that: 1 - even leftist presidents had close relations with the US; 2 - Piñera has so far brought no major changes in previous policies either in the economic or in the foreign policies areas. Piñera is no Uribe: his foreign policy has explicitly emphasized ties with Latin American countries, specially with Brazil. His relations with Chávez and Morales aren't bad either. He's continued Bachelet's 13 points programme to negotiate with Bolivia a passage to the Pacific Ocean.

So far, only one country that belonged to the pink tide spectrum has had elections: that is Uruguay, and Uruguay has again chosen to elect a left-wing president: Jose Mujica.

There's also a country that does not belong to the pink tide, but may perhaps join the group: Peru, a country whose president, the conservative Alan García, is unarguably the South American president most hated by his own people.

 

ASCHOPS

2:28 PM ET

August 7, 2010

Also questionable is the

Also questionable is the author's superficial dichotomy between left-wing policies and pragmatism. Chávez, for instance, is no more of an ideologue than Uribe. If one could say of Chávez that he follows a policy of automatic confrontation with the US, one could say of Uribe precisely the opposite: that his policy is nothing but automatic alignment with the Northern hemisphere. The pragmatists in the region are really Brazil and Chile's presidents.

 

ASJDG

10:09 AM ET

August 8, 2010

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MAREO2

6:58 PM ET

August 8, 2010

I dont know in rest of latin america but in Argentina

Most people is geting tired of populists demagoges pandering to idologies and dividing the country in two with hate speechs but ignoring everyday problems like high levels of crime. If we compare today the words of the current administration with their words 6 months ago, there is a lot less insults and words like "combat" and more words like "pluralism".

 

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CHINACHAM

10:48 AM ET

August 9, 2010

Colombia is just part of LATIN AMERCIA

Colombia is not ALL Latin America, the arrival of Santos is just the continuation of the Uribe right-wing government, who along with some (only with some) countries in the region, including Mexico, are part of a opposite wave to the path Latin America is taking.

 

PUBLICUS

5:11 PM ET

August 9, 2010

China and the Panama Canal

The People's Republic of China is seeking influence in Latin America for numerous reasons, energy and geopolitical strategy being foremost. The PRC is gradually, slowly, trying to get physically closer to the Panama Canal, for obvious reasons. The US government and other governments of the Americas, allies of the US and hostile towards the US, are well aware of the fact.

Remember the Suez Crisis of 1956, when Egyptian Col Nasser as leader of Egypt consequent to his coup, suddenly nationalized the canal? The UK, France and Israel launched a military operation that had to be aborted after a previously not consulted (and furious) Pres Eisenhower squelched it via the UN, citing the post WW II principle of self-determination best articulated by Pres Wilson post WW I.

The PRC moles and apologists lurking around and about at various web discussion boards, the PRC and its pals in S America, need to know the US will not react in the same passive way in respect to the PRC's grand design to gain controlling influence over the Panama Canal whether directly or indirectly.

The PRC and its S America chums are treading extremely dangerous ground concerning the Panama Canal. Together they risk a dangerous and disastrous response against them by the US and its allies in the Americas, to include especially Canada, Mexico, Columbia, Argentina to name a few; and the additional support of the US's Central America allies which, in the interest of the Americas, continue to recognize the Republic of China in Taipei as the government of the Chinese of East Asia.

Chinese Americans on both continents certainly do not support the PRC in its long term designs to gain influential or direct control over the Panama Canal. However, as the CIA well knows, for a decade there are PRC Chinese quietly relocating to Panama, quietly to open a small business (capitalization from the PRC government in Beijing) to become involved in the affairs of Panama.

The PRC and its S American cronies are playing with fire in their moves eventually to gain control of the Panama Canal.