The Spectacle of the Society

France's half-century social-spending spree is coming to an end -- and Nicolas Sarkozy is stuck holding the bag.

BY JAMES TRAUB | OCTOBER 22, 2010

Four years ago, French Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin proposed allowing employers to hire workers up to age 26 to their first job on a probationary basis and be able to fire them without the immense rigmarole imposed by France's elaborate labor laws. The French took to the streets in outrage; I was able to take my son to his first manif, or demonstration. The Socialist Party backed the protesters all the way; their candidate for president, Ségolène Royal, told me that it was unjust to provide job security for businessmen but not for first-time employees. President Jacques Chirac -- by then a depleted force -- withdrew the proposal, humiliating Villepin, who resigned in early 2007. Nicolas Sarkozy won the party's nomination for president and then trounced Royal in the election in March of that year.

Sarkozy vowed to haul France into the market-oriented world of the global economy, but most of the reforms he introduced in his first years in office were timid or clumsy. Now, after much hesitation, he has made good on his promise by proposing legislation to raise France's retirement age for minimum pensions from 60 to 62, still low by the standards of the European Union. And he has, inevitably, provoked the whirlwind, just as Villepin did: Unionized truckers have blocked gas stations and refineries; workers have taken to the streets; and high school students have racked up some very satisfying confrontations with the police. But the stakes today are much higher than they were in 2006; both Sarkozy's presidency and France's long-term economic health depend on the triumph of common sense.

The drama of rewriting the postwar social contract is taking place across Europe. Over the past generation, globalization has challenged Western economic dominance and forced wages downward throughout the industrialized world; the economic crisis that began in 2008 delivered the coup de grace. The crop of European leaders unlucky enough to hold office amid all this has been stuck with the unpopular job of offering solutions. British Prime Minister David Cameron has proposed a radical assault on the benefits of social democracy, including not just deep cuts in welfare spending, but the elimination of cherished middle-class subsidies. Cameron has also proposed raising the retirement age -- to 66. Greece, where a wildly intrusive and inefficient government brought the country to within a hairsbreadth of bankruptcy, has been convulsed by popular resistance to Prime Minister George Papandreou's proposed cuts. Germany is widely admired for having made painful changes to labor laws without endangering social peace, but the Social Democrats who drove those reforms were booted out of office in a spasm of public anger.

What Sarkozy is proposing is quite modest by comparison. Raising the minimum age to 62, and the age at which a full pension kicks in from 65 to 67, hardly solves the problem of a smaller and smaller number of workers supporting an ever increasing number of retirees. Even the Socialists have long acknowledged the need to make changes in social security, and both sides have agreed that workers' contributions to the system should not be increased. That leaves only increasing the retirement age and extending the number of years of employment required before workers can receive their pension -- which Sarkozy has also proposed. And as Gilles Andreani, a fellow with the German Marshall Fund, observes, pension reform is the ideal vehicle for sending a signal to financial markets "because it shows a dedication to reform and rigor, but doesn't endanger economic growth," as Britain's budget cuts do. Given this inexorable logic, why the melodrama?

First, Andreani says, Sarkozy dithered. Instead of getting the decision out of the way over the summer, as some of his advisors wanted, he let it drag on until the rentrée, the traditional season for street demonstrations. And melodrama in the face of social change is a French birthright. The French have the habit of deploying the revolutionary gesture in the service of the reactionary cause of stopping change. "There is no political life here," as Alain Touraine, a pillar of French sociology, told me back in 2006. "The French have a revolutionary world; everything is black or white." Modest reforms quickly become intolerable affronts to Justice, Equality, and so forth. Students of the best lycées, members of communist-run unions, bank tellers, and insurance agents alike can all become, for one glorious moment, resistants.

FRED DUFOUR/AFP/Getty Images

 

James Traub is a contributing writer for the New York Times Magazine and author of, most recently, The Freedom Agenda. "Terms of Engagement," his column for ForeignPolicy.com, runs weekly.

KLCARTEN

7:01 AM ET

October 23, 2010

Social Security

Social Security is solvent until 2037, no reductions in benefits will happen. Benefits will still be paid out at 75% after that date. You should also know that if the economy ever picks up and unemployment goes to the norm of 5-6% this would be moot because more people will be working and paying into the system. Please do not fall into the lies of Social Security is not solvent. It is, its Medicare that is in trouble, our high cost of health care is causing the problems. If we went with a Medicare for all, or even a non profit on basic health care, instead of the crap we ended up with we could actually save money and push the cost of health care down. So please get your facts straight before making assumptions of Americans taking to the streets on Social Security.

I think the only time Americans will take to the streets is when millions of people are starving and more than likely homeless, just like during Hoover's administration with the vets demanding their money and putting up Hoovervilles. When people are starving and have no hope in things getting better, then it's gonna get nasty out there. We keep thinking things will get better, and maybe when the investor class lose enough money and stopped getting bailed out they will lobby for a economic plan that helps everyone, not just them. Who knows, we might get some pols that understand economic theory, and have a spine and stand up and do something.

 

BDL2010

11:49 AM ET

October 23, 2010

No reductions in benefits?

If you went to withdraw your money from a CD and the bank told you that they were only paying 75% of the interest it earned you would have grounds for a lawsuit. The pols created this problem by allowing the surplus to be used for other government programs.

Social Security not reducing benefits till 2037 might sound good to you but that's when I turn 67. I've been paying into social security since I was 13 working at my grandfathers business. The longest period of time I've been out of work since I was 16 was the three months prior to joining the service and the three months after I graduated college. So there is no way I am accepting reduced benefits. I'm sorry but something more than just waiting it out needs to be done. Your argument was the same as what Democrats stated back in 94 prior to the Internet boom.

As for medicare like any government program it is subject to misuse, abuse, and fraud. Thankfully the FBI has been cracking down on the crime rings running medicare scams.

 

JIMF

2:03 PM ET

October 23, 2010

Yes, Social Security is Not the Problem, But Medicare Is

Thanks, KLCarten, for saving me from typing that .

Here's a tangential point: In the last 20 years 100% of the gains from increased worker productivity have gone to corporate profits and zero to wage increases. This had never happened before in the history of our country. If even a modest fraction of the advances went to salaries Social Security would be running a huge current account surplus as well as an accumulated trust fund surplus, because there would have been more payroll taxes collected. So, basically, multinational executives and Wall St. bankers have been spending Social Security on yachts.

As for Medicare, that problem is directly related to accelerating healthcare costs in the U.S. If we continue to pay twice as much as the rest of the developed world for less healthcare, then Medicare will go bankrupt. But the issue isn't "fixing Medicare" its getting American medical costs under control -- from $1.2 Million-a-year bariatric surgeons, to $100-millon-a-year insurance executives, given raises for denying coverage.

Back to Social Security, if someone wants to argue the accounting, take Paul Krugman on for size:
http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/13/social-security-finances/

 

BATTIM

3:25 PM ET

October 25, 2010

to jim f on krugman....

jim, your comments are valid and correct. yet, the heath care reform bill does nothing, as warren buffet points out perfectly, to fix the cost issue of health care. that said, paul krugman, king of doubling our deficit spending, might not be the best place to reference responsible economics. he has decided to let his political vision interfere with his economic vision and we all know what happens when ideology rears its ugly head into mathematics. if he had his way we'd walk the same road that put france, greece, spain, portugal and italy in the financial situation they are in today.

 

KENIH

8:01 PM ET

October 25, 2010

SS solvent until 2037?

Do you really believe Social Security will be solvent until 2037? If you do then please search for "social security money running out". If you take your life savings of e.g. $1M and lend it to yourself and then spend the money on a new boat, cars, etc do you still have $1M for your retirement? If you say yes, then it's hopeless to explain. If you say no, then your one step closer to understanding why your SS statement isn't correct because the US Gov lent the money to itself and then spent it.

But its worse then that. With the example above at least you have cars to drive and a boat to live on. The US Gov spent all the money it borrowed on things like health care, pensions, stimulus, unemployment, wars, etc. These aren't assets that they can sell (try selling a war...). So the money is GONE. And even with all this extra money to spend our Gov has been running deficits for years. Imagine what will happen when they start having to pay out more then they take in for SS! That's suppose to happen this year btw...and just look where this years deficit is.

SS will be solvent as long as we can continue to borrow $1T+ a year. Once our credit runs out then SS is in big trouble.

 

CPDUDE

12:02 PM ET

October 26, 2010

response to JMF

Insurance companies make a great bad guy, but the truth is we could reduce their profit margin to zero and it would roll back less than a few months of recent premium increases:

http://www.hcsc.com/newsroom/questions_answers.html

But your mentioning of bariatric surgeons gets to the essence of our problem.

One, the population vehemently does not want to take better care of itself.

Two, we have many expensive procedures such as replacement hip joints, a lifetime of insulin, bypass surgery, bariatric surgery etc which people seem to prefer to eating and drinking less, getting more exercise, etc.

Not only are we not doing anything about this, in fact we've made it worse recently. Obamacare does not allow a lower premium to someone who keeps their weight/cholesterol/blood pressure down, because that would be discriminating against those with pre-existing conditions, even if those conditions are self-inflicted.

Why should we even have bariatric surgeons?

I don't see any way out of where we are heading, even if we abolished private insurance and had a single payer...

Regards.

 

SPIKES

4:37 PM ET

October 26, 2010

Krugman

Taking on Krugman really isnt much of a challenge, he's rarely right about ANYTHING!

 

FREETRADER

8:10 AM ET

October 23, 2010

Hilarious or Sad?

I'm not sure whch term should apply to this article, although I suppose the answer is dependent on whether one thinks the author is serious. French society (and the majority of the French people) put themselves into a fiscal black hole by promising themselves benefits that their society could not possibly pay for. When the financial house of cards starts to come crashing down, it isn't a matter of "the poor getting screwed" it is simply facing reality. There aren't enough rich people to pay for all the benefits that can't be afforded; suggesting confiscator taxation policies to pay for unaffordable, unrealistic, and flat-out stupid benefits (such as France's 35 hour week and retirement age of 60) is simply idiocy.

The US social security system has its own problems, but the US is a paragon of fiscal rectitude with its entitlements compared to France. Social Security is, with some tweaks, actually affordable to the US taxpayer. The problem with Social Security is that its surplus is paying for other government programs; once the surplus is gone, something has to give. The real entitlement problem is Medicare, and while I am not a big fan of the tea partiers, it is probably true to say that the current US president has done little to rein in Medicare costs, so has only made a bad situation worse.

But in the end one has to go back to the apparently dimwitted writer of this article and shake one's head. The idea that promises that never should have been made and cannot be paid for must be adhered to at the cost of bankrupting the nation is inherent in his assumptions.

 

OTIMIZAçãO DE SITES

6:57 PM ET

October 25, 2010

The development of productive

The development of productive forces has been the real unconscious history which built and modified the conditions of existence of human groups as conditions of survival, and extended those conditions: the economic basis of all their undertakings. In a primitive economy, the commodity sector represented a surplus of survival. The production of commodities, which implies the exchange of varied products among independent producers, could for a long time remain craft production, contained within a marginal economic function where its quantitative truth was still masked. However, where commodity production met the social conditions of large scale commerce and of the accumulation of capitals, it seized total domination over the economy. The entire economy then became what the commodity had shown itself to be in the course of this conquest: a process of quantitative development brindes sp personalizados. This incessant expansion of economic power in the form of the commodity, which transformed human labor into commodity-labor, into wage-labor, cumulatively led to an abundance in which the primary question of survival is undoubtedly resolved, but in such a way that it is constantly rediscovered; it is continually posed again each time at a higher level. Economic growth frees societies from the natural pressure which required their direct struggle for survival, but at that point it is from their liberator that they are not liberated. The independence of the commodity is extended to the entire economy over which it rules acompanhantes curitiba luxo. The economy transforms the world, but transforms it only into a world of economy. The pseudo-nature within which human labor is alienated demands that it be served ad infinitum, and this service, being judged and absolved only by itself, in fact acquires the totality of socially permissible efforts and projects as its servants. The abundance of commodities, namely, of commodity relations, can be nothing more than increased survival.

 

FREETRADER

6:59 AM ET

October 26, 2010

@kunino

I'm sorry but your comment that the US military is somehow bankrupting the US is nonsense. Even if one accepts the premise that the US is on its way to serfdom (a reasonable argument, but as I've pointed out, a lot of other countries are heading there first) military spending is a relatively small part of government spending.

You obviously don't like the military but don't want to acknowledge the fact that entitlements are what threatens the US with bankruptcy, not military commitments.

 

MALICEIT

10:21 PM ET

October 23, 2010

RE:

To answer authors question: never. Americans are segmented a lot more then any country within EU. And isn't that ironic that when you all fought against USSR and that "horrible" communism but now when communistic policies are getting challenged you all bitch about it ?

 

JOHNQUIGGIN

4:27 AM ET

October 24, 2010

Looking in the wrong place

The US problem isn't social security, it's endless tax cuts for and handouts to the rich, while nothing is done for the unemployed. As noted, people like Freetrader are happy to go the barricades in defence of bankers bonuses. But the situation for those at the bottom of the social pile will eventually produce a real explosion, as opposed to Paris street theatre

 

BATTIM

4:03 PM ET

October 25, 2010

odd.

the obama administration has extended unemployment for up to two years. so we are doing something for the unemployed (for now). as for handouts to the rich, going back to clinton tax rates would be healthy, but the "rich" pay the overwhelming majority of income tax. perhaps if companies like google and BP weren't funneling money through places like ireland to avoid income tax, the budget may find itself balancing a bit better. google paid 2.4 percent on there income to the IRS. so long as they keep supporting the politicians it will remain that way. google is one example of many. blaming the rich is an incomplete and simplistic approach to problem solving. so is incessant finger pointing.

 

JERRA

3:27 AM ET

October 25, 2010

Americans Protest ?

Won't happen for a few reasons. First, Fox News won't tell them to do it. Second, organised labour is to be crushed at all costs as it is un-American. Third, the people that would protest as too busy doing three jobs to allow those in the elite to get another tax cut. Nah, won't happen.

 

BATTIM

3:56 PM ET

October 25, 2010

straw man

perhaps stick to the merits of the debate and don't paint all of america by the 3 percent that watches fox. that's rights, its highest rated show averages 8 to 10 million viewers, of the 300 million or so who live here. so your argument is silly. folks on the left and right protest in this country, we just don't burn things and stop transportation and energy infrastructure from working to do so. the organized labor movement in this country and western europe transformed global labor standards. was it difficult? certainly. did it happen here? yes. as for working three jobs, if only the 17 percent actual unemployed could find one job, much less three, your point may be valid. but all three points are not.

 

MARIK7

5:05 PM ET

October 25, 2010

Labor unions

Jointly hated by capitalist and communist governments.

That's not a coincidence.

 

JSCHMIDT2

9:19 PM ET

October 25, 2010

Social Security

Presidents and Congress have kicked the problem down the road for years. Bush tried to find a solution but was highly criticized. Out of control entitlements, pensions and benefits are killing the US. The French should wake up before they need a bailout from the IMF. The French people are like kids having a temper tantrum. They need to grow up.
In the US, the government should take 1% of the SS income and invest it in the stock market as an experiment. The Congressional 403bs are invested in the market, why not the SS.

 

JSCHMIDT2

9:19 PM ET

October 25, 2010

Social Security

Presidents and Congress have kicked the problem down the road for years. Bush tried to find a solution but was highly criticized. Out of control entitlements, pensions and benefits are killing the US. The French should wake up before they need a bailout from the IMF. The French people are like kids having a temper tantrum. They need to grow up.
In the US, the government should take 1% of the SS income and invest it in the stock market as an experiment. The Congressional 403bs are invested in the market, why not the SS.

 

SKEP41

10:37 PM ET

October 25, 2010

French Insanity

Yes, lets make all the rich people suffer! What a great idea. That will turn France into a bleak, poverty-stricken basket case, or more of one than it is already. Penalizing success will turn any country into a poverty-stricken basket case, or any state, as my own California proves. The leftist ideas that have taken such a firm hold in Europe will end that continent's high standard of living. They will end any pretense of democracy. The same will happen here if we are stupid enough to keep electing Democrats. We have had a century of centralization, government economic planning, fixed public pension schemes and steeply progressive taxation and these wrongheaded, self-defeating policies have finally reached their meltdown point. The low birthrates of most European nations, a byproduct of the welfare state, will ensure that nationalities like Russians, Italians, Greeks and Spaniards, along with many others, will literally disappear in a generation or two. The US is due for a Soviet Union-style crash that will make the currency, bonds and all pensions worthless. There is no way to avoid this and it will happen very soon.

 

BRUTAL PLANET

4:15 PM ET

October 26, 2010

Eat The Poor

California's problems are indeed because they are "penalizing success" with their crushing income tax rate of 10.3% on incomes of over $1 million dollars. The entertainment industry and Silicon Valley have been made into barren wastelands by the state government's relentless stomping of our noble, illustrious rich. It isn't at all because Proposition 13 and countless other tax referendums have squeezed the state treasury for decades, because people think it's their right to not pay taxes but still demand government services.

Yes, I too want to revisit those halcyon days of the last 19th century where workers had no rights, senate appointments were regularly bought, and children as young as 9 slaved in coal mines until they developed black lung and died. Anything at all to spare our captains of the industry, who single-handedly lead our country into a tailspin, from having to pay a reasonable marginal tax rate.

 

KENITMIDTY

5:01 PM ET

November 19, 2010

Social Security

The entire economy then erken rezervasyon became what the commodity had shown itself to be in the course of this conquest: a gastromid process of quantitative development brindes sp moliva personalizados Proposition 13 and countless other tax referendums tutune son have squeezed the state treasury for decades