Why Do Coptic Christians Celebrate Christmas on a Different Day?

Because they're using a different calendar.

BY JOSHUA E. KEATING | JANUARY 4, 2011

Violent clashes broke out this week between Coptic Christians and Egyptian security forces, following a New Year's Day suicide bombing at a church in Alexandria that killed 21 people. Copts blame authorities for not taking the escalating violence against Egyptian Christians seriously. Authorities are now on high alert in anticipation of more violence on Jan. 7, when Copts celebrate Christmas. But why do the Copts celebrate the Christmas holiday on a different day from Western Christians?

Because they're still using the Julian calendar. Like the Eastern Orthodox Church in Russia, the Copts still use the Julian calendar adopted by Julius Caesar in 45 B.C. The Julian calendar has 365 days, with a leap year added every four years, but each year is about 11 minutes too long, meaning that over time it has come to be out of sync with the more accurate modern Gregorian calendar, named for Pope Gregory XIII. So though Egypt, including its Coptic citizens, currently uses the Gregorian calendar for most other affairs, Christmas will still be celebrated on Jan. 7 -- for at least the next few decades.

Although they agree on dates, there are crucial differences between the Coptic Church and Eastern Orthodox traditions. Egyptian Christianity dates back to the founding of the Church of Alexandria by St. Mark in 43 A.D., making it one of the world's oldest continuous Christian denominations. The Copts' distinct identity comes from their rejection of the Council of Chalcedon in 451, which put forth the notion that Christ had separate divine and human natures. Those who rejected the concept, believing that Christ had one unified nature, were referred to as "Monophysites," though modern Copts reject the term as insulting and inaccurate. Those who accepted the council were called Dyophysites. The descendants of the anti-Chalcedonians are today referred to as the Oriental Orthodox Church and include the Copts as well as the Ethiopian, Syriac, and Armenian churches and a few others. What's today referred to as the Eastern Orthodox Church -- which includes the Russian and Greek churches and is distinct from the Oriental Orthodox Church despite the similar names -- split off from Western Catholicism later.

In recent decades, relations between the different branches of Orthodoxy have improved, including agreements on the recognition of joint marriages and baptisms. Some church leaders hope the Orthodox branches of Christianity will eventually unify into a common hierarchy, though that's still a long way away. The Coptic Church maintains its own distinct clerical heirarchy, currently led by Pope Shenouda III.

While the Coptic Church's relations with other Christian denominations have substantially improved, Christian-Muslim relations in Egypt, where Christians represent about 10 percent of the population, are at a low point. Six Copts and a Muslim security guard were killed in a shooting at a church in Cairo last Coptic Christmas. Two Christians were later killed in protests over a church permit near Cairo. The comments of some Coptic leaders, such as one bishop who suggested recently that verses were added to the Quran after the Prophet Mohammed's death, have also inflamed tensions.

The violence is reminiscent of the frequent attacks against Copts in the late 1990s, though using bombs against churches is a new tactic. No group has yet taken credit for the most recent attack, though an al Qaeda-linked group threatened the Egyptian Copts after an attack on Iraqi Christians in November.

Thanks to His Grace, David, General Bishop of the Coptic Archdiocese of North America.

AFP/Getty Images

 SUBJECTS: RELIGION, EGYPT
 

Joshua E. Keating is associate editor at Foreign Policy.

COUNTCHOCULA1011

1:35 PM ET

January 5, 2011

Unfortunate what happened in Egypt...

...however, we can do things at home that could help prevent this situation. I think I am right in assuming that the current climate of fear that has been created for numerous Christians throughout the Middle East is in large part due to the widespread belief in the region that Christians are waging a war against Islam--a belief which many of our actions within the region have unfortunately reinforced. While I think it would be silly to suggest that the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were waged in the name of destroying Islam (such things were never even discussed within the US media prior to the wars), fundementalists on both sides of the aisle have attempted to enforce this notion and they've had plenty of anecdotal evidence to go off of. The most glaring example of this is the actual RAND report put out which details how US officials can help create a "moderate" Islam, which of course for them means an Islam that is drastically altered to conform with Western notions.

I would also like to add that I find the Pope's concern for Christians within the Middle East slightly suspicious given that it is well known that the current Pope has made traditional Catholic orthodoxy a high priority. I think I would be right in assuming that the Pope considers these Middle Eastern Christians to be heretics who will most likely burn in hell, thus anything he says on this issue should be viewed skeptically. I am not saying that he is incapable of showing concern for his fellow man, but I am saying that I wouldn't be surprised if the Pope in Rome is attempting to steal some of the Coptic Pope's thunder for the sake of garnering recruits to the Catholic Church.

 

MCMLXVII

3:41 PM ET

January 5, 2011

Salvation

> I think I would be right in assuming that the Pope considers
> these Middle Eastern Christians to be heretics who will most
> likely burn in hell

No. The Catholic Church believes that salvation is available to all people of good will, even if they are not Catholic or even Christian.

From the Catechism of the Catholic Church:

"Every man who is ignorant of the Gospel of Christ and of his Church, but seeks the truth and does the will of God in accordance with his understanding of it, can be saved."

From Pope Benedict:

"Whoever seeks peace and the good of the community with a pure conscience, and keeps alive the desire for the transcendent, will be saved even if he lacks biblical faith."

From Pope John Paul II:

"All the just of the earth, including those who do not know Christ and his Church, who, under the influence of grace, seek God with a sincere heart, are thus called to build the kingdom of God by working with the Lord, who is its first and decisive builder."

 

JOHN BURNETT

4:06 PM ET

January 5, 2011

Eastern and Oriental Orthodox and Roman Catholics

"descendants of the anti-Chalcedonians are today referred to as the Oriental Orthodox Church and include the Copts as well as the Ethiopian, Syriac, and Armenian churches and a few others. What's today referred to as the Eastern Orthodox Church -- which includes the Russian and Greek churches and is distinct from the Oriental Orthodox Church despite the similar names -- split off from Western Catholicism later."

Almost accurate. But it's always annoying to hear that the Orthodox Church "split off from Western Catholicism". It should be noted that, if anything, the Roman Church split from the Orthodox, not the other way around— the Roman Church changed the universal Nicene Creed and asserted papal authority over all the churches. The churches of the East kept the same Nicene Creed untouched and have never, even from the beginning, come under papal authority. They have also never believed in any form of papal infallibility, a doctrine that was defined only in 1864, even against great resistance in the West. This is important not because arcane theological disputes are important, but because it means Western views of Christianity are not and never were normative, and it's possible to critique them from deep within the original Christian tradition.

It is true that 'Monophysite' is seen as a rather pejorative term. The preferred way of referring to those churches which did not accept Chalcedon is simply, 'non-Chalcedonian' or, yes, 'Oriental Orthodox'.

 

DARKPUS

10:29 PM ET

January 5, 2011

Father Zakarias Boutros and the Eastern Orthodox Churches

Father Zakarias Boutros is #1 in my book, he will spread the Muslims and Christians in the Middle East and get them to bleed each other, all in the name of religion. Father Boutros will do this all by, with, through American evangelical support. It's not the Middle East you need to worry about, not even the Near East, it's the Mid-West Bible Belt inserting money into the pants of the likes of Father Zakarias Boutros to foment this soon to be bloodier divide. God help you all.

http://www.worldmag.com/articles/14763

Father Zakaria, as he is known to millions, has won his enormous following not by borrowing from the toolbox of the televangelist. For someone whose ecclesiastical tradition began in a.d. 100, his tools are decidedly 21st century: satellite uplinks, Wi-Fi connectivity, a late-edition Vaio laptop that is with him at all times, and a trusted reference tool he refers to as “St. Google.” He can spend 14-hour days on research for each show, and for this episode emailed the final script to producers at 4:30 a.m.

The result is less a preaching ministry and more like battlefield strategy. It’s the late-in-life culmination of a conscious decision, Botros says, to move away from apologetics and toward what he calls polemics: “My program is to attack Islam, not to attack Muslims but to save them because they are deceived. As I love Muslims, I hate Islam.”

Such conviction earns Botros a heady following—and serious enemies. Jihadist groups have reportedly posted a death threat worth $60 million against him. This year his name and photo appeared on an al-Qaeda website, seeking retribution for his teachings, which often depict Muhammad as less of a prophet and more of a womanizer. For his fearless determination in the face of his enemies, for his willingness to label Islam a false religion in a year when many Christian leaders have overreached in their quest for common ground with its worshippers, Zakaria Botros is WORLD’s 2008 Daniel of the Year.