Global Supply Chain
The Japanese government estimates that the damage from the March 11 earthquake alone will top $300 billion, already making it the costliest natural disaster in history. But its broader impact on the global economy may prove even more profound.
Since the 1980s, more and more companies, particularly in high-tech industries, have come to rely on Japanese-pioneered "just-in-time" manufacturing, maintaining low inventories and bringing in components as needed, thanks to cheaper shipping and modern tracking software. More often than not, those high-tech components are manufactured in Japan: The country produces 89 percent of the world's aluminum capacitors, 46 percent of lithium-ion batteries, and 87 percent of gaming software. One factory 40 miles west of the Fukushima plant accounts for 20 percent of the world's silicon wafers -- vital for computer memory. The factory is now shuttered, and high-tech firms like Apple, Hewlett-Packard, and Lenovo are bracing for shortages.
With factories still recovering from earthquake and tsunami damage, manufacturers have warned that products ranging from Apple's iPad to Boeing's 787 Dreamliner will face disruptions and possible shortage. The effects of the quake are evident in the popular Toyota Prius, manufactured entirely in Japan: In California dealerships, the car was selling for an average of $300 below invoice price before the quake. It's now up to $1,000 above invoice.
Following disruptions in the wake of Hurricane Katrina and last year's Icelandic volcano eruption, many industry experts are beginning to question the practicality of just-in-time manufacturing. Ironically, it has also reinforced Japan's centrality to the global supply chain, even after two "lost decades" of economic stagnation. But a similar crisis in China's heavily industrialized Guangdong region, for example, could have even more wide-reaching effects.
KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/Getty Images
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