Obama's Illegal War

Libya is important, but the U.S. Constitution is ultimately what we're fighting for.

BY BRUCE ACKERMAN, OONA HATHAWAY | JUNE 1, 2011

The bombing campaign in Libya continues into its 72nd day without the consent of the U.S. Congress -- breaking the 60-day limit for unilateral presidential war-making. With the Justice Department providing no public explanation for this breach, lawmakers are beginning to take matters into their own hands.

On Wednesday, June 1, the House of Representatives delayed a vote on a resolution insisting that President Barack Obama bring the Libya mission to a speedy close; but expectations are that the measure will be reconsidered on Friday. The Senate, for its part, will soon take up a bipartisan measure supporting the war. Meanwhile, with no U.S. domestic debate, NATO has announced it will continue its operations in Libya for another 90 days.

We are at a constitutional crossroads, similar to the one the United States confronted in 1973 when Congress enacted the War Powers Resolution, which set the 60-day limit, over Richard Nixon's veto. The Constitution famously grants Congress the power to declare war, but Nixon continued to fight in Vietnam for three years after Congress had withdrawn the Gulf of Tonkin resolution authorizing the conflict.

Faced with this plain constitutional violation, Congress acted decisively to restore the system of checks and balances. For centuries, the president and Congress had wrangled over the kind of actions that counted as a "war" for constitutional purposes, with presidents exploiting legal ambiguities to cut Congress out of key decisions. The act broke this impasse by imposing a time limit on all "hostilities" -- a functional term meant to eliminate legalistic evasions the White House had developed over what counted as "war." Henceforward, the 60-day deadline would apply whenever the president began "hostilities," and if he failed to gain congressional approval, the act gave him 30 days to terminate the military operation.

This clear and simple 60/30-day setup is especially important at a time when other restraints on presidential war-making have atrophied. During the era of the Founding Fathers, Congress could back up its constitutional authority with its power of the purse. For example, when President George Washington responded to military defeats on the frontier by escalating the conflict, he got Congress to give him $532,449.76 and 2/3 cents for his war -- note the 2/3 cents!

It's a lot harder to do so now. The Libya campaign has already cost three-quarters of a billion dollars, and yet Obama hasn't had to ask Congress for a dime. He has funded the war entirely out of the general $600 billion appropriated to the Defense Department.

This leaves the time limit as the only effective mechanism for preserving the Founders' commitment to congressional control. Unlike with many other areas of law, the courts can't be counted on to translate abstract principles into concrete rules. So far as war-making is concerned, they have left it to the political branches to work the matter out -- which is precisely the purpose of the War Powers Resolution.

Alex Wong/Getty Images

 

Bruce Ackerman is a professor of law and political science and Oona Hathaway is a professor of international law at Yale University.

BIG BOY

10:52 PM ET

June 1, 2011

No Big Deal

I don't see what the big deal is. I mean if the US can illegally invade both Iraq and Afghanistan without so much as a blink of the eye what does Obama care about Libya. In fact Libya is substantially smaller than both Iraq and Afghanistan in terms of population and should be "easy" compared to the mess that is Iraq and Afghanistan.

Heck, I would be surprised to see the US illegally invade Yemen next since that place is suppose to be the next "Al-Qaeda" stronghold.

 

PECHORIN

2:38 AM ET

June 2, 2011

Spot on

That's precisely the problem though; actions like those you refer to erode the power of our political institutions. If Obama sets this precedent, what's to say that next time the military won't unilaterally choose to engage in some low-grade 'hostilities,' potentially by expanding the scope of their mission to include nearby nations they view as troublesome.

This process of slow erosion of legitimate political authorization for military action is dangerous; it is slow breakdowns in these institutions that presents one of the greatest long term threats to our state. Look at Rome's history-- it was the same thing that caused the crisis of the 3rd century.

 

NOWOAH

7:33 PM ET

June 2, 2011

ilegal war on Libya

To stand in the rigid point of view that is the Congress the unique entity authorized to decide when and how making war is a perilous way. The strategic scenary of 21th century is dominated by new threats, though is ingenuous to believe the federal government of the USA can confront them keeping strictly under the limit mark by the laws.
Weren't the federal government be able early deter the new threats blowing them by preemptive atacks or they take advantages over the USA.
But the law is very important. Therefore, Congress should give to the Executive more time carry out (180/90 days) the needed military action, to anhilate any terrorist group who attemp against the USA security.

 

EMCOURTNEY

1:11 AM ET

June 2, 2011

Does it matter

Does it matter, I mean the constitution is a dead letter anyway.

 

KING AHAB

2:54 AM ET

June 2, 2011

Israel must never give up

Israel must never give up control of the strategic Northern West Bank (Samaria).

See what a return to the '67 lines will mean for Israel:

http://shomroncentral.blogspot.com/

 

JASON SIGGER

9:08 AM ET

June 2, 2011

Ridiculous

Let's at least not pretend that this is some kind of constitutional basis that goes back to the Founding Fathers' "checks and balances." The presidents have routinely ignored the War Powers act since it was enacted in 1973. It's a joke, a tantrum that Congress raised once upon a time. If Congress is so concerned about this "illegal war," then it has the power to stop funding military actions related to NATO's attack on Libya. You know this and everyone else knows this. To construct this argument that, because Obama didn't ask "pretty please," this becomes an illegal war is ridiculous.

If the "do nothing" Congress wants to stop it, it has the power of the purse. But no Repub will dare stop a military action in the fear of being seen as anti-military, and no Dem will go against the president (well, maybe except for Kucinich, but who cares about him). Stop inflating this to something that it's not.

 

COMETLINEAR

9:39 PM ET

June 2, 2011

Did you read the article?

The author clearly points out that Obama has been paying for the war out of the general DoD budget.

 

GHOSTSOLDIER

11:55 AM ET

June 2, 2011

Changing concepts of warfare

Among the myriad things that will change in a re-conceptualizing of warfare in the 21st century, the authority to wage it will be foremost inside the US federal government. Asymmetry and the use of smaller, more lethal elements inside the US military and intelligence world will force a debate on whether the small, highly adaptable, highly mobile enemy must be met with a presidential authority to move forces on a global battlefield without authorization from federal legislative branch.

 

KINGFELIX

5:25 AM ET

June 5, 2011

accountabiity

You leave out accountability, but perhaps that evaporates during all your re-conceptualizing.

 

MARTY24

12:40 PM ET

June 2, 2011

Two issues

Like many of the opinion pieces appearing in the Foreign Policy blogs, this one deals with two rather distinct issues.

The first is what the requirements are for addressing the security challenges of the Twenty-first Century with its asymmetric warfare, terrorism, cyberwar, etc. This is a topic that merits deep thought and is thus a reasonable subject for Congressional hearings. Perhaps one of our glorious Congresspeople will choose to convene them.

The second is whether Obama can be constrained at all. He is a president who went to great lengths to prevent the public from knowing what he stands for. If there is no way to stop him, he is capable of doing anything, and justifying it by claiming we voted for it. As a self-claimed professor of Constitutional law, Obama of all people should be acutely attuned to the reuirements of complying with the Constitution and the law. What the Libya situation demonstrates, again, is that he has no respect for the law. That was worrisome when we knew what the president stood for; it becomes a threat to the continued existence of our form of government when we don't.

The question that is ultimately posed by this situaton is whether Obama's ignoring the War Powers Act constitutes a "high crime or misdemeanor" as stated in the Constitution and thus provides grounds for seeking his impeachment.

 

MUTT3003

2:44 PM ET

June 7, 2011

Who's actually in charge

I agree totally with your reply,with one caveat - is Obama in charge?

 

COMETLINEAR

9:42 PM ET

June 2, 2011

The War Powers Act is rather pointless...

....as there is no mechanism for enforcement.

Congress can remove a president from office via impeachment, if necessary.

 

MIKEHAAS

10:14 PM ET

June 2, 2011

Obama's "war power"

Reading the War Powers Act, I dissent from the oped by the two distinguished faculty members of my alma mater.
The loophole in the law is that no notice is required unless American troops are equipped for combat. After setting up the infrastructure for the no-fly zone, there are no reports that American troops have neither engaged in nor been equipped for combat, and the oped does not claim otherwise.

 

MIKEHAAS

10:15 PM ET

June 2, 2011

Obama's "war power"

Oops. The word "neither" should be "either" and "nor" should be "or."

 

GEORGE AUGUSTUS

11:14 AM ET

June 3, 2011

Look closer

"...the United States continues to fly 25 percent of all sorties."

I suppose it could be argued, and it wouldn't surprise me if this is what Carney had in mind when speaking about Obama's "beliefs" on the matter given the pair's regard for torturing language, logic, and law, but I'm pretty sure being given a plane to fly bombing runs over AAA qualifies as being equipped for and engaged in combat.

 

KINGFELIX

5:29 AM ET

June 5, 2011

@mikehaas

Did you study law or how to dissemble? The two are not synonymous.

The US is clearly engaged in military action. To not see and recognise that is to be totally disingenous and to liquidate the grounds upon which any debate would take place.

The op-ed writer even quotes it straight from a high-ranking government official, but you choose to ignore HRC's words, the plain meaning of which is clear, and embark on some clever-clever mission to show how running bombing missions in Libya somehow is okay re: provisions of War Powers Act.

 

MYCOS

11:21 PM ET

June 2, 2011

The real issue

...is whether the Constitution is being violated by continuing to allow ideologues freedom to distort, exaggerate, tell half-truths or lie by ommision while posing as objective journalists and news-reporters.

The founding documants of the USA are very clear about the importance of having a fifth-estate dedicated to non-partisan, unbiased reiteration of the kinds of information neccesary for citizens of a democracy to vote into power those who see government as an extension of the will of the voter, and not someone who knows how to stoke our fears and prejudices in ways meant to produce hasty decisions about how much privacy we're willing to give up in return for a promise to keep us safe from terror attacks.

You see, an informed citizenry is one that knows that despite the mental trauma of witnessing the attacks on the WTC and Pentagon play out repeatedly for months, even years after, the chances that you, me or any one of our loved ones might die in a terrorist attack are so low that anyone who really stops to think it through would either realize the huge disservice being done to us by a news media more intent on selling copy by headlining scary words spoken by cave-hopping religious kooks hoping to gain notoriety for himself so he might someday move to a less drafty cave.

A poorly informed citizenry does things like allowing the government to continue taking taxes sufficient to fight and win the cold war but against a low-technology, poorly trained enemy that is few in numbers, prone to fighting among themselves, whose ideological motivation is one suggesting such low cognitive complexity that it must cross over into delusion as a means of rationalizing his own world to himself!.
Lets be clear here! The only thing more looney then them is a democratic nation willing to spend the same against the threat posed by AQ or the Muslim Botherhood as it did against trained Soviet Bloc soldiers using highly sophisticated satellite and spy technology, silent-running nuclear subs sitting 10 miles off both coastlines at any given moment, and the thousands of short, mid, and full ICBMs all fitted with multiple warhead technolgy making each of them capable of so much death and destruction that the WTC attack would be a welcome diversion by comparison.

And yet its Obama\s BC or timely invocation of war powers that get's stressed as something we must all worry could be undermining the Constitution to the extent it challenges democracy itself. ????

Man! I'd think people would be embarrased to carry on this way. And yet...

 

EASYT65

10:28 AM ET

June 3, 2011

Obama's Illegal War

Secretary of Defense Robert Gates told the members of Meet the Press that Libya was no threat to the US and of no vital importance to us. Shortly thereafter, President Obama dragged us into the middle of a Libyan civil war to aid Al Qaeda-backed rebels fight a Libyan Dictator, mommar Qadaffi... without funding or Congressional approval. At that point Obama had 60 days for his 'kinetic military operation'. NATO may have just declared they are extending their operation against Qaddafi for 90 more days, but the US Constitution does not give President Obama that luxury. His 60 days over, President Obama is now violating the US Constitution, specifically the War Powers Act, and is in breech of his Oath of Office, to uphold and defend the very Constitution he is now violating. I am amazed that so many media sources care enough about the Constitution or that a President would break the law so openly and consider it a non-story. A nation that has been lulled so deep into sleep and malaise that it doesn't blink an eye when its President violates laws, gnores and breaks its Constitution, and demonstartes such a disregard for his oath of office is in serious jeopardy! Tloerance is all well and good as long as we are not willing to tolerate such Un-Constitutional and ILLEGAL action, especially when it involves the President of the United States!

 

EASYT65

10:35 AM ET

June 3, 2011

Illegal War Constitutional Loop Hole

Mike Haas, good point...if it were true. The US DOES have troops on the ground. The Obama administration has already admitted that it has sent in members of the CIA; however, we have Spec Ops on the ground. Another 'loophole' attempt I have heard is that NATO is 'at war', and we are just supporting NATO. Uh, no. WE started this and then asked NATO to take over...and our troops are still fighting in this war. Another excuse I've heard is that we aren't at 'war' - Libya is a 'kinetic military operation'. Well thank you, 'Bill Clinton, for that pathetic definition of 'IS'/'Sex' defense attempt! Obama railed against Bush for 2 unfunded wars while Liberals called Bush's wars illegal. Now Obama is not only responsible for a 3rd unfunded war, but his truly IS Illegal!

 

SPROING

12:54 PM ET

June 3, 2011

Obama and the Constitution

Why, after 2 1/2 years of the Obama Presidency, would anyone be surprised by his stand on the Constitutionality or legality of his Libyan intervention? After all to Obama the Constitution has been nothing but a hindrance to his attempts to transform America into his concept of what this nation should be as a reflection of his personal ideology.

There will be decade upon decade of legal and historical wrangling over the many illegalities condoned by his administration and enacted by his appointees. Unfortunately if left unchallenged he will have established a new pattern of administration for any and all successors and not only weakened the power of the Constitution but also the power of the Legislative branch. Three legged stools become hazardous when there are only two strong legs.

 

CHRISLOGAN

2:19 PM ET

June 5, 2011

Need some explaining

Ok, so, let me get this straight. If we go to war unilaterally, and nobody shares the cost with us, you blame the rest of the world for being a bunch of pansies and appeasing an autocrat. This time, France & England take the lead, and now you're whining that the U.S. is considering the opinions of other major world powers and is partaking in a multilateral effort that won't result in universal hatred towards the U.S. karmaloop codes. The Washington Times editorial staff is like those kindergarten kids who won't share their toys, pee their pants, and then start fights with all the other kids.

 

ICEZY

3:45 AM ET

June 6, 2011

The strange thing about the way

The strange thing about the way the administration has handled this since March is that Congress would have likely signed off Private Label Rights eBooks on the Libyan war if it had been asked to debate and vote on it. There must normally be enough Republican hawks

 

UPBEAT1

11:28 PM ET

June 13, 2011

Congress has the power to stop

Yes, it is illegal. Congress actually has the power to stop funding military actions related to Libya. To blame on Obama is just an excuse. Congress has the power of the purse but no Republican will dare stop a military action lest he be seen as against the military. n

 

DANNY41

1:25 AM ET

June 20, 2011

They are scared

They are scared, but I know there are still reasonable people among American lawmakers who want to work for the country and not for some dirty plans. You just have to stick together, build up a good free relationship reading and do the right thing. Kusinich's proposal will have to be reconsidered again and they won't be able to hide it.

 

BART KUREK

3:31 PM ET

June 29, 2011

After all to Obama the

After all to Obama the Constitution has been nothing but a hindrance to his attempts to transform America into his concept of what this nation should be as a reflection of his personal ideology.There will be decade upon decade of sázkové kanceláre legal and historical wrangling over the many illegalities condoned by his administration and enacted by his appointees. Unfortunately if left unchallenged he will have established a new pattern of administration for any and all successors and not only weakened the power of the Constitution but also the power of the Legislative branch. A poorly informed citizenry does things like allowing the government to continue taking taxes sufficient to fight and win the cold war but against a low-technology, poorly trained enemy that is few in numbers, prone to fighting among themselves, whose ideological motivation is one suggesting such low cognitive complexity that it must cross over into delusion as a means of rationalizing his own world to himself!.The loophole in the sázkové kanceláre law is that no notice is required unless American troops are equipped for combat. After setting up the infrastructure for the no-fly zone, there are no reports that American troops have neither engaged in nor been equipped for combat, and the oped does not claim otherwise.

 

JESSE803

1:09 PM ET

July 1, 2011

Obama's Illegal War

Libya is important, but the U.S. Constitution is ultimately what we're fighting for. Mike Haas, good point...if it were true. The US DOES have troops on the ground. The Obama administration has already admitted that it has sent in members of the CIA; however, we have Spec Ops on the ground. Another 'loophole' attempt I have heard is that NATO is 'at war', and we are just supporting NATO. Uh, no. WE started this and then asked NATO to take over...and our troops are still fighting i check this To stand in the rigid point of view that is the Congress the unique entity authorized to decide when and how making war is a perilous way. The strategic scenary of 21th century is dominated by new threats, though is ingenuous to believe the federal government of the USA can confront them keeping strictly under the limit mark by the laws. Weren't the federal government be able early deter the new t