The Unknown Unknowns

If the past half-century of American political history has taught us anything, it's that we can't possibly know the consequences of bombing -- or not bombing -- Iran.

BY FRANCIS J. GAVIN AND JAMES B. STEINBERG | FEBRUARY 14, 2012

In his State of the Union address, President Barack Obama told the world, "America is determined to prevent Iran from getting a nuclear weapon, and I will take no options off the table to achieve that goal." The decisions the U.S. president must make to attain this end are extraordinarily difficult, and whatever policy he chooses will have a profound and lasting effect on global politics and U.S. foreign policy. For some, the answers lie in history. Yet the best response to the Iranian threat may emerge not by looking to the past but by transforming the way experts and policymakers interact.

The decision on the table is remarkably complex: Should the United States launch a preventive strike against Iran's nuclear facilities or encourage its Israeli allies to do so? To answer this question, one would need to, at a minimum, imagine and make judgments on plausible scenarios that could emerge from each choice. If the United States chose not to bomb Iran, would countries in the region eschew their own nuclear weapons and work with the United States to balance against and contain a nuclear Iran? Or would Iran's nuclear capability drive neighboring states to "bandwagon" and ally with Iran or even seek their own nuclear weapons, undermining U.S. influence while destabilizing the region? And if the United States did successfully strike, what would be the chances that such military action would lead to an overthrow of the regime and its replacement with a government both friendly to the West and willing to forgo nuclear weapons? Or could a military strike provide a lifeline to an unpopular regime, inflame anti-American sentiment throughout the region, and unleash a wider military conflagration? And how would other global powers, such as China and Russia, react to these scenarios?

Based on our experiences -- one of us a former senior policymaker, the other a historian of U.S. foreign policy -- we are convinced that the "right" answer, but the one you will never read on blogs or hear on any cable news network, is that we simply cannot know ahead of time, with any degree of certainty, what the optimal policy will turn out to be. Why? Even if forecasters could provide probabilities about the likelihood of a narrow, specific event, it is simply beyond the capacity of human foresight to make confident predictions about the short- and long-term global consequences of a military strike against Iran.

In fact, as Philip Tetlock demonstrated in Expert Political Judgment, a 20-year study that looked at over 80,000 forecasts about world affairs, self-proclaimed authorities are no better at making accurate predictions than monkeys throwing darts at a dart board, and they are rarely held accountable for their errors. (According to Tetlock's research, knowing a lot about an issue can actually make you a worse political forecaster than knowing very little.) Policymakers and elected officials, on the other hand, not only face public condemnation and the potential loss of their jobs if a decision turns out poorly, but they also carry the often heavy personal burden of responsibility for a failed policy. Understanding the different environments in which the expert and decision-maker operate is critical to understanding why expert ideas have less influence on policymaking than might be ideal.

This gulf is tragic, as there is much each world could learn from the other. We believe that if different types of experts -- the best strategists and historians, for example -- were brought together with statesmen in an environment that encouraged honest debate and collaboration and not point-scoring, where participants were encouraged to acknowledge how little anyone can actually know about the future effects of U.S. actions, the possibility to achieve both greater coherence and greater humility in the U.S. foreign-policymaking process would be greatly enhanced.

In such an environment, both camps might be tempted to explore the past to find examples of policies that can guide their decision-making. Although at first blush this seems wise, it is not fail-safe. And the deliberations over Iran provide a case in point.

EBRAHIM NOROOZI/AFP/Getty Images

 SUBJECTS:
 

Francis J. Gavin is director of the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law at the University of Texas and the Tom Slick professor of international affairs at the LBJ School of Public Affairs.

James B. Steinberg is dean of Syracuse University's Maxwell School and university professor of social science, international affairs, and law. He served as deputy secretary of state to Secretary Hillary Clinton from 2009 to 2011 and as deputy national security advisor to President Bill Clinton from 1996 to 2000.

TARQUINIS

2:03 PM ET

February 14, 2012

Israeli attack upon is a global catastrophe

WaPo 2/11/12: "Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu criticized economic sanctions against Iran as ineffective and warned that any military strike against the country’s nuclear facilities would inflame the region while doing little to curb Iran’s ambitions..."

“I am telling you, a military strike is a disaster,” Davutoglu told a gathering at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington think tank. “It should not be an option.”

I wish more Americans knew that:

1. Iran has signed the NPT which grants them in paragraph IV the "inalienable right" to develop nuclear technology for power generation and medical imaging isotopes. It is an easy google, see for yourself. Iran is not going to surrender their legal rights under the treaty.

2. Iran's nuclear generation and enrichment facilities are currently under the constant inspection of the IAEA including the Qom facility. This inspection includes 24/7 video surveillance.

3. There is no allegation by the IAEA that ANY enriched uranium has been diverted from its surveillance.

4. There is no allegation that Iran has enriched any uranium beyond the 20% required for medical imaging isotopes, whereas enrichment to around 95% is required for any weaponization purposes, or that there is any violation of their NPT treaty obligations.

5. "Might", "could", and "maybe" are not good reasons for another war that would certainly result in vast chaos from Lebanon to Pakistan militarily and politically.

6. Iran with no nuclear weapons is zero military threat against nuclear superpower Israel.

7. Israel has not signed the NPT and is in possession of hundreds of nuclear warheads. More importantly, it possesses the most advanced delivery systems in the world including nuclear powered ballistic missile firing submarines. A nation with zero nuclear weapons does not attack one with hundreds.

8. Even if (a hypothetical) Iran did some day acquire a nuclear weapon (to secure itself from vicarious nuclear attack) it could never use it against Israel because of the intertwined nature of the Palestinian and Israeli populations. Al-Aqsa Mosque, the third holiest site in world Islam is in Jerusalem and they would never risk its destruction.

9. A war initiated by Israel would spread to our interests in about half an hour. Prices for petroleum would certainly skyrocket to who knows what level, collapsing our fragile economy like a house of cards. Same for the whole world's economy for the same reasons.

10. So if we really want all the hugely negative consequences, just raise your hands now. If not, this had better be prevented or it will be the capper that puts us in the crapper for good.

(PS: none of this is an apology for the Mullah dominated Iranian regime. It well deserves to vanish from the pages of time)

 

AARKY

5:09 PM ET

February 15, 2012

To Bomb or not to Bomb?

The writers of this article seem to believe that any potential harmful consequences of an attack on Iran are not predictable. This makes them seem more Israeli shills than logical thinkers. They should have acknowledged that the past and present heads of the Mossad have both stated that Iran is not a danger, so all of their "To bomb or not to bomb" is totally ridiculous. They could have pointed out that any meetings in relation to Iran would have to have a broad purge of all the Zionist zealots who have infiltrated our Government bureaucracy. They deliberatly sabotage any serious attempts to have a rapprochment with Iran. Until we have a drastic purge nothing will change.

 

LEONIDASLEONIDAS

2:58 PM ET

February 14, 2012

Sooner or later the world will have to confront Iran

It's better to do this while they have no nukes.

Iran will be much worse than Pakistan or North Korea. Iran is the biggest state sponsor of terrorism in the world, and nuclear weapons will make them even bolder.

Better deal with them now, than later.

 

CFL68

9:47 PM ET

February 18, 2012

What do you mean 'deal'?

Speak plainly. You aren't proposing a 'deal.' You are proposing a massive full scale invasion that will directly cause tens of thousands of deaths and cost hundreds of billions of dollars, with potentially catastrophic ripple effects throughout the region and world. Anything short of that will only act as an incentive for Iran to procure or build a bomb even sooner - and there is no evidence that Iran is even building a bomb.

Do you realize how crazy your war mongering sounds?

I agree we should go after them for sponsoring terrorism, and advocating for the annihilation of a UN member. That in itself should be pursued and perhaps Iran should be expelled from the UN. But there is no viable military solution to Iran's nuclear program. No objective experts believe that even large scale strikes could stop it.

This nonsensical saber rattling just plays into the regime's hands and provides free political capital.

 

SPOOD

3:23 PM ET

February 14, 2012

I still think they are bluffing

This is much closer to North Korea than Pakistan.

Pakistan was never as open and obvious about their nuclear efforts. Its why nobody knew about it or could stop it until it was too late and they had their big test.

North Korea on the other hand deliberately played up its potential for nuclear weapons, if not their actuality. Their big test turned out to be a failure. Their bluff was called.

For North Korea a nuclear standoff meant extorting cash from neighbors. For

Iran it means creating more popular support at home. An attempt by the regime to stave off their eventual demographic disintegration.

They are taking their actions right out of Kim Jong Il's playbook. Provocative military exercises, harsh rhetoric, openly bragging about nuclear development, being non-cooperative with international concerns, trying to goad a response.

This whole thing is going to play out for a while for several reasons:
1. The US knows Iran is bluffing by now, but it also doesn't want to create a real provocation or appear too aloof.
2. Israel also knows its a bluff, is powerless to do anything about it, and is taking political advantage of the paranoid atmosphere created
3. The Arab states are still in the background here, despite being the real parties of interest in the state of Iran's nuclear development
4. For Iran, it is far cheaper to manufacture an international incident than nuclear weapons.

 

REKLAMOLOGY

4:13 PM ET

February 14, 2012

Sooner or later the world will have to confront Iran

It's better to do this while they have no nukes.

Iran will be much worse than Pakistan or North Korea. Iran is the biggest state sponsor of terrorism in the world, and nuclear weapons google reklam will make them even bolder.

 

JUSTINIAN

3:06 PM ET

February 15, 2012

You are probably right

When all is said and done, I fail to see how Iran will respond positively to sanctions of any kind, and Teheran will find ways to circumvent them. India, China, Russia, Greece, Japan and other nations will continue to buy Iranian oil, thus reducing the bite of Western sanctions. After President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's boasting today of how far Iran has come with its nuclear program, demonstrating to the whole world just how vast and complex it is, I cannot imagine that Israel will just sit tight and wring her hands about that. Jerusalem will either join with Washington in taking out the Iranian nuclear program or will do it unilaterally. If President Obama's State of the Union message is trustworthy, he will have to stand by and support Israel in its action or join Israel in the operation. I think it will happen sooner rather than later.

 

JOHNBOY4546

6:33 PM ET

February 14, 2012

The simple truth.

It doesn't matter what USA policymakers think will be the "optimal strategy", because that ability to "strategize" will be taken out of their hands by Israel when it launches its attack upon Iran.

Q: And why will Israel attack?
A: Because That's What They Do.

They have - reluctantly - restrained themselves so far, but their addiction to war is much too strong for them to resist temptation for very much longer.

They'll attack, and soon, and it will matter not one whit wether doing so makes any strategic sense, precisely because the urge to attack is stimulus/response.

 

SPOOD

9:43 PM ET

February 14, 2012

Jonny you are still an idiot

So your entire point is Israel will attack because they are evil SOBs. Nice to see you put a lot of thought into your material.

-Doesn't it seem odd that talk of Israel attacking has gone on this long and is so public?

-Wouldn't make sense that this sort of thing would probably only work if its kept secret?

-Do you realize the practical issues involved in an Israeli attack?

-Do you think Iran is just sitting by watching the West debate this?

Of course you don't consider any of that. It would require applying a little common sense to the situation.

You just spew whatever anti-Israel BS which pops into your head. When in doubt, sling a little ad hominem to the mix. Use some kind of dishonest overused slogan.

Blather, rinse, repeat.

 

JOHNBOY4546

12:20 AM ET

February 15, 2012

"your entire point is Israel will attack because they are evil"

No. Nowhere did I say that.

I said what I said, and that is that Israel attacks because That's What Israel Does.

Demonstrably true, as Israel does seem to launch attacks upon neighbouring (and not so neighbouring) countries with depressing regularity.

That it has restrained itself from attacking Iran for this long is simply a measure of:
a) how difficult that task is, and
b) how much the USA has been leaning on Israel
but neither will cause Israel to ABANDON its desire to attack Iran, merely delay it.

Again, demonstrably true, as even the most cursory examination of the rhetoric of Israeli cabinet ministers will show you.

 

LEONIDASLEONIDAS

10:14 AM ET

February 15, 2012

JohnBoy, are you for real?

Is there actually a functioning brain behind your comments?
I doubt it.

 

SPOOD

11:47 AM ET

February 15, 2012

Still bullcrap

1. Its not just difficult for Israel to attack Iran unilaterally, technically its all but impossible. Especially since talk about it has been so open for so long. If you are talking about it, it isn't going to happen. These things require more than a little bit of surprise to work.

2. The US is not leaning on Israel in this whatsoever. If anything they are co-conspirators in this little dance along with the Arab nations. Israel is acting like the tough bulldog to the public and the US is going to resolve this behind closed doors. Its not like Israel has anything to lose by playing this part.

Pretty much everyone involved realizes this is a bluff but nobody wants to tip their hand in public.

Seriously, you have to be a friggin moron to believe stuff like this gets debated openly in the public. Nuclear weapons are best made in the cover of extreme secrecy as are daring raids to take out the facilities that make them.

 

JOHNBOY4546

4:09 PM ET

February 15, 2012

"Is there actually a functioning brain behind your comments?"

Was there an actual argument in front of that question mark.

No.

 

JOHNBOY4546

4:19 PM ET

February 15, 2012

Oh, I'm certainly seeing some crap, SPOOD

"Its not just difficult for Israel to attack Iran unilaterally, technically its all but impossible"

Untrue. It's technically well within the capabilities of the IDF to fly to Iran and drop some bombs. It's also technically a simple task for the IDF to launch some Jericho missiles at Iran.

What's DIFFICULT is actually knocking out the targets, which really requires the USAF.

But if Israel attacks with its pipsqueeks and then squeals to the USA for help..... what then?

"The US is not leaning on Israel in this whatsoever."

Suuuuure it isn't. Suuuuuuuuure.

"If anything they are co-conspirators in this little dance along with the Arab nations."

Riiiiiiiiight. And you honestly believe that, do you?

"Israel is acting like the tough bulldog to the public and the US is going to resolve this behind closed doors. Its not like Israel has anything to lose by playing this part."

No, the Israelis are doing everything in their power to ensure that the USA can't resolve this behind closed doors. They are doing so by ensuring that "the west's" only acceptible resolution involves Iran ceasing all enrichment, which is a goal that can not possibly be achieved.

The Israelis are doing so because they know that the only alternative is war, and they are itching to trigger it.

They *will* trigger it, SPOOD.

 

AARKY

5:22 PM ET

February 15, 2012

Israel Attacks Iran?

John-Remember that until the price of oil jumps drastically, there will be no attack. Thisis all Kabuki Theater, but a very dangerous game. Spood should know this because he is one of trolls from either AIPAC OR WINEP. In 2008, the prices jumped drastically because the Jewish insiders tipped off their insider buddies that Bush would probably agree to assist Israel in an attack. The prices started dropping quickly when Bush was forced to say NO to the Israelis. The National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) had kept Bush fron helping Israel in an attack. Cheney had tried to deep six the NIE but was forced to have it released. Spood and all the other trolls must only parrot the Likkudnik talking points or they would know that both the past and present heads of the Mosaad have said there is no danger from Iran.

 

PULLER58

7:07 PM ET

February 14, 2012

Taking odds?

What does Vegas think? Remember, it's hard to beat the house.

 

PATRICKCULVERTON

11:31 PM ET

February 14, 2012

It looks like Obama...

It looks like Obama is going to start a trade war with other countries. If he taxes companies that have some overseas operations more, and the other taxes he wants to impose on companies, the companies will just move their entire headquarters to a country that is more acceptable with lower costs. Also, the companies here will not be able to compete with cheaper products and portable storage containers coming out of other countries. And if he starts hammering China, well there you go.

He is actually doing the opposite of what should be done to encourage companies to manufacture in the U.S.

And if he actually is able to put a 30% tax minimum on anyone making over $1 million, well, watch for even a bigger recession. Talk about discouraging the middle class and upper middle class from trying to achieve the upper income ranks. Plus the over $1 million earners will either find other ways of hiding their money or just not work so hard. Plus a lot of these people making over $1 million are the small to medium size sub s corporation that hire people and have the sub s corp go thru their personal taxes. People will get laid off for sure.

Obama does just the opposite of everything to get the country going again. He is either really stupid or he wants the country to be destroyed.

 

SARTOPOEUS

1:31 AM ET

February 15, 2012

What!?

Here I was reading about Iran...

 

PRINCEWALLY

9:34 AM ET

February 15, 2012

Power Struggle

The middle east is in a constant tribal power struggle. The tribalism in their politics means the place alternates between being a power generator and power vacuum, with one always trying to beat the other out.

The solution is probably to build a wall around the area and wait 10 years. Whoever is left gets the prize.

 

MARTIAL

9:59 AM ET

February 15, 2012

The future & the past are one.

Not only can one not predict the future, one cannot assess the past with complete accuracy. The lessons of a particular event are generally not ascertainable with any objectivity until long after the event has passed. Not only is it true that the cause before the effect differs from the cause after the effect, it is also true that the effect itself changes after 50 years.

Arguments from individual events can deceive; analyses of numerous events more readily instruct. Whatever might be necessary with respect to Persia must be based on what one deems to be Persian threats to other countries, not what we deem the "real" desires & needs of Persian citizens to be. Differences in culture preclude objective assessments of these interests.

 

SPOOD

11:52 AM ET

February 15, 2012

Proftek, your sources are crap, your assertions are irrelevant

False flag operations are more the stuff of wild conspiracy theories and spy fiction than actual operations. The overwhelming majority of the actual ones get sniffed out as phony pretty much from the outset. It is not exactly a winning tactic. It is great fodder for paranoids, the naive and those with an agenda.

The problem with your premise is Iran doesn't even bother to cover up its hands in most of its foreign terrorist operations. They don't care who knows what they do.

That being said, if the current news concerning Iran's announcement of increased uranium enrichment isn't a sign they are trying to goad a reaction from the world, then you really are naive.

 

13ADAR

3:59 PM ET

February 15, 2012

Correct on loony Proftek

"False flag operations are more the stuff of wild conspiracy theories and spy fiction than actual operations."

A question that should be asked of Proftek is, "If all of what you say about these TOP SECRET operations is true, then how come so many people know it?"

cue sinister, Halloween-style music.......

 

HASS

3:29 PM ET

February 17, 2012

False flag

Example of a real, historically-validated false flag operation: The Lavon Affair, in which Israel placed bombs in British and American centers in Egypt, in the hopes of blaming the resultant deaths on the Egyptians and harming Egyptian relations with the US/UK.
This was not a "myth".

 

KUNINO

1:00 PM ET

February 15, 2012

Weird & dishonest way to describe Israel

I refer to this "countries in the region [with] their own nuclear weapons" in Messrs Gavin and Steinkamp's "If the United States chose not to bomb Iran, would countries in the region eschew their own nuclear weapons and work with the United States to balance against and contain a nuclear Iran?"

These "countries" seem to be Israel and nobody else.

How can we take seriously anything from Messrs Gavin and Steinkamp -- or anybody else -- that requires this pussyfooting about what their topic?

 

13ADAR

4:05 PM ET

February 15, 2012

Kunino, turn your radar on!

You apparently missed the real story by allowing your Jew-hate to blind you:

http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=92159&Cat=2&dt=2/10/2012#

"LONDON: Saudi Arabia could acquire nuclear warheads from Pakistan within weeks of Iran developing atomic weapons as the threat from Tehran triggers an arms race across the Middle East, The Times reported."

http://www.islamtribune.com/2011/07/30/us-saudi-arabia-to-discuss-nuclear-cooperationus-saudi-arabia-to-discuss-nuclear-cooperation.html

"But the United States has been worried that Saudi Arabia and other Arab states could develop nuclear weapons if arch-enemy Iran develops an atom bomb. Iran refuses to halt uranium enrichment that it says is for civilian purposes, but which Western nations suspect is meant to develop nuclear weapons."

http://samsonblinded.org/news/?s=%2BEgypt+%2Bnuclear

"Iranian nuclearization would throw Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey into a nuclear race, and Oman would follow."

 

JOHNBOY4546

8:37 PM ET

February 15, 2012

 

JFAIR

1:12 PM ET

February 15, 2012

Launching a nuclear missile

Launching a nuclear missile from Iran would be Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), thus despite all of the rhetoric, a preemptive nuclear attack would be counter productive to the regimes main goal, survival.

 

BIGDUKESIX101

1:57 PM ET

February 15, 2012

Attacking is stupid! MTV generation....

Is not at least 50% of Iran under age 21? I think so and if we/Israel attacks we will drive them right into extreme nationalism. Stupid.

 

JUSTINIAN

3:02 PM ET

February 15, 2012

The U.S. also prevented a Soviet strike against China

Lest the world forget, and especially the leaders of China, the U.S. acted to prevent a Soviet nuclear strike against China's budding nuclear facilities in the 1970's. After the Sino-Soviet military clashes along the border, the USSR mobilized one million Russian troops, armed with nuclear weapons along the entire Sino-Soviet frontier. They were keen to take out China's nuclear facilities with a surgical strike, but the U.S. would neither join them or support such an action because it would have drastically changed the balance of power in Moscow's favor. Whatever geo-political-strategic conflicts China may have with the U.S., I hope the leaders of Beijing remember how the U.S. basically saved China from Soviet nuclear devastation and by doing so, allowed China to develop into the nation-state it is today. For that, China should be ever grateful to Washington.

 

JOHNBOY4546

5:15 PM ET

February 15, 2012

That's not what the archives reveal, JUSTINIAN

Have a look here:
http://articles.latimes.com/1998/sep/27/news/mn-26986

The money-shot is this sentence:
" 'I'm for this,' scrawled Johnson's national security advisor, McGeorge Bundy, on one memo about a possible preemptive strike that might cripple Chinese nuclear installations. "

It was the USA that wanted to strike China's nuclear facilities, and it was USSR that was opposition to it.

You have it exactly backwards.

 

SCOTTB23

6:28 PM ET

February 15, 2012

Iran isnt really like that

Its funny, all the coverage I see of Iran has all these images that would lead you to believe its some wartorn country. Probably made worse with all the sensationalist media going on, but so many people dont realise its a beautiful country. Im luckily in the position to travel a lot as a Parkour Photographer and I would absolutely love to visit the country. Tehran looks like a very culturally diverse place full of beauty, and its a shame that its all glossed over in the media.

 

SCOTTB23

6:30 PM ET

February 15, 2012

Iran isnt really like that

Its funny, all the coverage I see of Iran has all these images that would lead you to believe its some wartorn country. Probably made worse with all the sensationalist media going on, but so many people dont realise its a beautiful country. Im luckily in the position to travel a lot as a Parkour Photographer and I would absolutely love to visit the country. Tehran looks like a very culturally diverse place full of beauty, and its a shame that its all glossed over in the media.

 

HASS

3:27 PM ET

February 17, 2012

And so what?

Considering that the US was complicit in the mass murder of Iranians by Saddam's chemical weapons -- 60,000 casualties not to mention the Kurds that Saddam gassed (the US tried to shift the blame onto Iran) -- then I think "death to America" chants are quite understandable.