The Return of the King

Why Europe needs another Napoleon.

BY JAMES POULOS | MARCH 5, 2012

Hanson, for his part, proclaims that the German national character will guarantee its future dominance. "Germany's new European order is clear: If you wish to live like a German, then you must work and save like a German," he writes. "Take it or leave it."

The prospect of Europe's German future is not only an Anglo-American dream come true -- it reassures all Westerners that their economic system isn't fundamentally broken. Those sturdy Germans show that if you play by the rules of prudence, you can sidestep financial apocalypse.

But that's a dangerously optimistic view, as Walter Russell Mead has cautioned. "The German political establishment," he warns, "seems willing to destroy Europe to avoid telling German voters the truth about how stupid it has been. Germany's leaders are doing everything possible to conceal the ugly truth that the mistakes that the German banking and regulatory establishments made in underwriting Club Med debts are as much a cause of Europe's woes as spendthrift Greeks."

Sweeping these embarrassing facts under the rug does more than reinforce the lie that there are merely economic solutions to what are deeply political problems. It misleads us into believing that the German regime created by the Allies after World War II has the future of Europe safely in hand. A few institutional tweaks to the European Union's treaty system cannot forge the legitimacy needed to get Europe's house -- or head space -- back in order.

The fact is, it will take more than economic arrangements to rebuild a shared political identity from the rubble of the EU. As Clifford Orwin rightly observes in his pessimistic take on the EU's future, "Europe remains a meddlesome abstraction embodied in an all-too-concrete bureaucracy."

That's where Napoleon and France come in. Orwin also argues that Europeans have no sense of shared identity: "Nothing in their modern history supported the elevation of their political allegiances to a continental plane." But Bonaparte proposed, and many accepted, just such an elevation of Europe's political allegiances to a continental plane. Even after he fell, the Germans opted not to expunge the Napoleonic Code he left behind. Just last year, Poles restored a commemorative monument to Bonaparte in Warsaw that reminds us -- along with another statue that still stands in the courtyard of Milan's city art gallery at the Palace of Brera -- of the Emperor's enduring reach. His conquests came and went, but Bonaparte's ability to focus the explosive popular power unleashed by the French Revolution and express it as something grandly European has left an indelible mark.

The French Empire fell not because Europe's peoples rose against him, but because Napoleon chose to march on Moscow instead of allowing Europe's new and greater unity to sink in. He gambled the continent and lost. And now, as a very different kind of gamble has Europeans fearing that all, yet again, will be lost, the importance of shared values that are more than platitudes grows.

Today, if Europeans wish to find concrete support for the values that unite them, it's France or bust. The usual alternative, Britain, is retreating from European politics -- reducing its military profile and leaning heavily on France in the process. Both liberal interventionists like U.S. President Barack Obama and wary conservatives gaining influence on the right are ready to shift America's military center of gravity decisively away from Europe. The limited U.S. intervention in Kosovo was controversial when America's strength and world domination were unquestioned. Today, there is no stomach for the deeper, more difficult interventions that will have to come in any European country where anti-austerity unrest spirals out of control.

PATRICK KOVARIK/AFP/Getty Images

 

James Poulos is a columnist at the Daily Caller and a contributor to Ricochet and Vice. He is on Twitter at @jamespoulos.

ZORRO

2:45 PM ET

March 5, 2012

Leadership

Germany can't take the lead for historical reasons. France can't take the lead for current reason. Who, after all, wants to be lead by a country with a defunct economy and delusions of grandeur?
Europe is going down faster than the US.

 

DOM WYNN

7:03 PM ET

March 5, 2012

Hokum

More Aircraft carriers than Britain. Well Britain is decommisioning it's last one next year. Until the new Supercarriers come online in god know's how long, but even then the French will have.... 1.

Let's not get carried away; France has a little more flex than the UK but frankly has neither the balls or the power to extend hard power. The link up with the UK is not a one way tryst.

 

DOM WYNN

7:03 PM ET

March 5, 2012

Hokum

More Aircraft carriers than Britain. Well Britain is decommisioning it's last one next year. Until the new Supercarriers come online in god know's how long, but even then the French will have.... 1.

Let's not get carried away; France has a little more flex than the UK but frankly has neither the balls or the power to extend hard power. The link up with the UK is not a one way tryst.

 

MR SMITH

9:28 PM ET

March 5, 2012

The author fails to mention

The author fails to mention Napoleons plan to reintroduce slavery in St Dominique(Haiti) and many brutal and racist crimes were comiited against the black rebels. He betrayed Toussaint L'Ouverture who was loyal to France. And was a racist. Napoleon was not all that great and that is coming from a Haitian American.

 

XMASTER4000

10:36 PM ET

March 5, 2012

Yeah

I'm pretty sure racism was, to various extents, in the veins of all European colonial powers until about half of the XX century, so you can't put the blame on just one guy. More like on the whole continent.

 

EXéCUTEUR

3:51 PM ET

March 13, 2012

Rubbish

The author doesn't mention any of Napoleon the Great's civilian achievements or the reasons for the so-called "Napoleonic Wars" bankrolled by a cynical British cabinet that used the hostility of European Old Régime monarchies to attack a powerful commercial rival [Cf AJP Taylor's "How Wars Begin"]. Unlike Hitler whose aim was always to expand Germany at the expense of "lesser races" to the east (imitating the British in India, cf Ian Kershaw), Napoleon came to power during a war and devoted himself to restoring peace as the condition necessary to the multitude of projects that were necessary both to his people and to his own satisfaction ["The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte", Robert Asprey, Tome I, Abacus, 2001, p424-425, Cf also his 16th of August 1807 address to the Legislative assembly]. His enemies in both London and Vienna refused to negotiate peace with a "usurper" until defeat forced them to make peace, and as with the courts in Berlin, St Petersburg and Madrid, saw his appeals for peace as a sign of weakness. Their attempts to exploit that "weakness" led to millions of deaths and to the expansion of the French Empire well beyond what Napoleon had imagined on European soil.

As for the rubbish spouted by the journalist Claude Ribbe, the Napoleon Foundation that he slanders in his pamphlets has demonstrated that not only was there no order from Napoleon - who unlike Hitler issued all his orders in writing, except during the 1815 campaign, and as precisely as possible - to commit genocide, and the letter quoted by Ribbe actually begins "This is my [General Leclerc's] opinion". Ribbe, having omitted this line, goes on to claim that Leclerc was reciting verbal orders given by the First Consul.=, but of course, serious examination of the documents by historians shows that not only is this untrue, but deeply offensive to victims of both the Armenian genocide of 1915 and of the Holocaust. Ribbe's claim that Napoleon committed a genocide that was the blueprint for Hitler's crimes against humanity is not only a lie based on deliberate misrepresentation of a historical source, but a negation of the real examples cited by Hitler as his inspiration : the British raj in India (cf Ian Kershaw) for lebensraum and "the annihilation of the Armenians" as his example for genocide of "lesser races" including Slavic peoples and the Jews(cf Ian Kershaw).

Napoleon, who abolished slavery in Malta in 1798, released 2,000 Turks and Moors imprisoned for their faith and informed the Jews of Malta that they were now free to build a synagogue (just as he closed Jewish ghettoes across Europe), was personally against slavery, but genuinely abolishing slavery meant losing both the slaves and the colonies to the UK, as it would amount to a declaration of war on Britain (which ran around 3/4 of the slave trade as the world's foremost maritime power) and the subsequent support of the colonial planters for UK annexation of overseas territories that the French navy was too weak to defend. The Senate refused to accept Napoleon's proposition of a mixed settlement in which slavery would be only maintained where it had been abolished in order to avoid a rupture of the peace of Amiens (France had been at war from 1792 until 1801) and so the law that was finally passed by the assemblies in 1802 states that slavery would be maintained throughout the French colonies, pending an international agreement to abolish the slave trade.

Toussaint Louverture's loyalty was "debatable", as he betrayed France and Napoleon (who appointed him) personally, by unilaterally declaring the territory confided to him an independent state and informing Paris of the secession by sending the new constitution to Napoleon. [Cf"The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte", Robert Asprey, Tome I, Abacus, 2001, p354, p413-414; "Napoleon", Frank McLynn, Pimlico, 1998, Ch11, p238]. As for racism, a widespread problem, much of the bloodshed was caused by ferocious fighting between "mulattoes and blacks" [Cf"The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte", Robert Asprey, Tome I, Abacus, 2001, p419], something which is mentioned even less frequently than atrocities committed against white civilians or Napoleon's own choice of General Dumas as the godfather to the children he hoped to have with Josephine [Cf "Napoleon", Vincent Cronin, HarperCollins, 1971, 1994ed, Ch10, p146], or his giving an Eagle standard to the "Black Pioneers" (a mark of esteem and trust in the unit that he refused to the Neapolitain troops in his service, just as the French National Guard units had standards with spear-tips but not Eagles). So much for "And was a racist".

Stendhal said that Napoleon becomes greater the more one knows him. That is an understatement to say the least. Not only is the Civil Code the foundation of the law of much of the world today, Napoleon also personally promoted and pioneered vaccination, education for girls, State retirement and accident insurance pensions, founded hospices for incurables and deaf-mutes, ended inhumane practices such as the castration of young choirboys, personally supervised the fight against unemployment and supported industry by ensuring the payment of wages and a minimum salary for urban workers, built and maintained roads, canals, harbours and schools across Europe, and had the sick seperated in hospitals according to their ailments. A poor sketch of the great works of a man who need not fear comparisons with Hitler's persecutions and mass murder of the disabled, Jews, Poles, Russians, gypsies, homosexuals, political opponents, Jehovah's Witnesses and others who did not fit the Nazi vision of a "pure" and "perfect" society. Unlike the latter, Napoleon not only rebuilt homes and buildings damaged by his own troops, but compensated victims of damage caused by his enemies. Two examples in particular stand out alongside the great victories of Ulm, Austerlitz and Jena : the inhabitants of Jena in 1806, and the victims of the Austrian invasion of France's ally Bavaria in 1805 (particularly the inhabitants of the areas around the river Inn and the Isar.

So much for the ruins left by Napoleon, as opposed to the devastation caused across the German states by Prussian, Austrian and Russian destruction caused by the Coalition forces and the "scorched earth" policy forced on the Russian serfs by the Russian authorities [Cf "Napoleon", Frank McLynn, Pimlico, 1998, Ch23, p527] in 1812.

 

MORANI YA SIMBA

12:20 AM ET

March 6, 2012

I'm sorry James but you know no more about European politics

than I know about current Cambodian issues. France has ZERO political legitimacy to "lead Europe." And you evidently don't know your history when you can say "Europe today is more a product of France's political creed than of any other nation's." Europe, with the exact exception of France, is PARLIAMENTARIAN. It owes this legacy to Britain, not to France. And while France is famous for promoting "liberte, egalite, fraternite" the values of liberty and equality are no more French than liberty is an "American value." Europe needs to be governed by EUROPEAN, not "French", "German" or other member state bodies and you wildly overestimate the importance of Napoleon's legacy in Europe. This article is a water-thin soup of nonsense. You should educate yourself on your topics or stop writing about them. For now you know nothing of European reality.

 

MORANI YA SIMBA

12:20 AM ET

March 6, 2012

I'm sorry James but you know no more about European politics

than I know about current Cambodian issues. France has ZERO political legitimacy to "lead Europe." And you evidently don't know your history when you can say "Europe today is more a product of France's political creed than of any other nation's." Europe, with the exact exception of France, is PARLIAMENTARIAN. It owes this legacy to Britain, not to France. And while France is famous for promoting "liberte, egalite, fraternite" the values of liberty and equality are no more French than liberty is an "American value." Europe needs to be governed by EUROPEAN, not "French", "German" or other member state bodies and you wildly overestimate the importance of Napoleon's legacy in Europe. This article is a water-thin soup of nonsense. You should educate yourself on your topics or stop writing about them. For now you know nothing of European reality.

 

NICOLAS19

5:50 AM ET

March 6, 2012

agreed

The article is very shallow. The author tries to score some cheap points by invoking the kind of nationalism that simply does not exist in the EU institutions anymore. Everybody accepts Barroso to lead even though he is Portuguese. Everybody accepts Jerzy Buzek to lead even though he is Polish. Or you can take the Council's rotating presidency.

 

BENJ

1:03 AM ET

March 6, 2012

France's problem

"A country which can still partly revere such a man surely has a problem,", what about a country that still reveres Cromwell ?

 

DOM WYNN

7:49 PM ET

March 6, 2012

@ Benj

Not sure there's a whole lot of reveration for Cromwell. He's the mass murdering regicide who at the same time toppled despotism. If anything I suspect the vast majority of people do not even know who he is. Those that do probably are equally split between those who regard him as an almost Lenin like figure (necessary but brutal) and others in the more libertarian camp who may agree with the direction of his aims but disagree with the end outcomes. Reveration on the other hand is not associated with his name.

 

CELTTHEDOG

9:51 AM ET

March 7, 2012

Cromwell

What's wrong with Cromwell? Unlike say, revered founding fathers of another nation, he was not a slave-owner.

 

CELTTHEDOG

9:48 AM ET

March 7, 2012

On Napoleon

Interesting article, but I'd challenge several points.

First, the author assumes -- like Napoleon -- that Europe ought to be politically united. A questionable proposition at best. See J.S. Mill on the possibility of uniting different linguistic groups together in a democratic union.

Two, people in Europe did rise up against Napoleon. Our word "guerilla" in English comes from the Spanish revolt against Bonaparte. The British could never have landed armies much less fought Napoleon in Spain and Portugal were it not for the fact these people opposed the "Emperor of Europe"

Three, that Napoleon proposed a continental loyalty that many accepted is true for Hitler as well. One of the last SS divisions fighting in Berlin in 1945 was the Charlemagne division -- it was composed almost entirely of Frenchmen.

Four, there are at least two European nations whose democracies owe next to nothing to either the French Revolution or Napoleon: Switzerland, the world's oldest democratic republic and Britain, whose liberal democratic orgins lie in the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution of the 17th century.

And yes, "we the people" and "libertie, egalitie and fraternatie" are lovely phrases, but I prefer "life, liberty and property" from John Locke -- or "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" if one wants to use the American formulation.

 

JAC323

11:42 PM ET

March 12, 2012

Should we also revive paganism and blood sacrifice also?

Why this strange fascination with Napolean? The last thing this world needs is another tyrant with a nuclear arsenal, who could just set off a few nukes on a moment of inspiration. Why Napolean? How about a Stalin or a Hitler if all you are interested in is a "united europe". Sorry, a united europe, was and always will be a pipe dream better left unfulfilled. You could end up with a Robespierre instead of a Napolean if you force this idea on the masses. Would that be good?

 

MYRNA IAROCCI

8:44 PM ET

April 2, 2012

Napoleon Bonaparte-A great leader

In my opinion, Napoleon Bonaparte is one of the greatest leaders. I admire him so much. He changed France and the world's situation at that time. Napoleon Bonaparte was born the second of eight children in his family's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte, located in the town of Ajaccio, Corsica. He was born on 15 August 1769, one year after Corsica was transferred to France by the Republic of Genoa. He was christened Napoleone di Buonaparte, probably acquiring his first name from an uncle (though an older brother, who did not survive infancy, was also named Napoleone). He was called by this name until his twenties, when he adopted the more French-sounding Napoleon Bonaparte.