Franklin D. Roosevelt
The 32nd president of
the United States (1933-1945)

Arsenal of Democracy

Roosevelt made this speech on December 29, 1940, as the British were suffering heavy losses in the Battle of the Atlantic. He made clear that there could be no ultimate peace between the Axis powers and the United States and called on America to become “the great arsenal of democracy.”

The Four Freedoms

In this State of the Union speech delivered on January 6, 1941, Roosevelt once more joined the struggle to defend democracy, in words if not in deeds. He argued for a world based on four freedoms: of speech and expression, of worship, from want, and from fear. Following the September 11 terrorist attacks, President George W. Bush evoked the memory of the “four freedoms” speech in his January 29, 2002, State of the Union address, when he spoke of the “the non-negotiable demands of human dignity: the rule of law, limits on the power of the state, respect for women, private property, free speech, equal justice, and religious tolerance.”